<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929</id><updated>2012-03-19T10:25:24.019-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Governance and Government</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>53</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-7979159905668092465</id><published>2012-03-01T22:46:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2012-03-01T22:46:50.804-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Getting desired GDP Rate</title><content type='html'>''I agree with the article. Our GDP is going down. Though we are better than others but we need to see in the light of our over population. From all corners, voices are raised for second phase of economic reform. First phase was done in 1991 as FM by our PM. Now he should repeat as PM. Hard budget is must to cure illness and to achieve desired and stipulated performance. One main hurdle is poor governance due to corruption. It is expected from DGCII to work on this how to partner with government at all level on this in an effective way. I think our two point growth on GDP is eaten away by bad governance as a result of corruption. It is hard to understand why not hard monitoring mechanism are built in programs and projects to assess the performance of the money. Our CAG has pointed out very rightly this issue by his new initiative of performance audit. Anyone can spend any amount of money. Now performing spending is need of our hours. CII here come in picture to intervene and help the governments of all level. For further information, CII can collaborate with CAG office. ''&lt;br /&gt;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/usrmailcomment2.cms?msid=12100122&amp;mailon_commented=1&amp;usercommentid=6885279#toreply6885279&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-7979159905668092465?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/7979159905668092465/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2012/03/getting-desired-gdp-rate.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/7979159905668092465'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/7979159905668092465'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2012/03/getting-desired-gdp-rate.html' title='Getting desired GDP Rate'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-5851266392295148324</id><published>2012-02-28T20:24:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-28T20:26:58.445-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Tainted Characters In The Highest Institution</title><content type='html'>Social Marketing of Political Reform&lt;br /&gt;                              &lt;br /&gt;              Tainted Characters In The Highest Institution&lt;br /&gt;Arvind Kejariwal, an IITan, stated that persons having criminal records are in parliament.  Almost all political parties are opposing him. Some are in open while others by keeping mum. The ruling and opposition parties have given their comments against him. It is very much expected too. The question is what wrong he said. What was his intension behind it? Does he wish to serve any self motto or wide public interest?  &lt;br /&gt;To purge our political field, election commission of India (ECI) is writing to government of India time to time to reform political sector. But it is of no avail. In 1999, eleven renowned professors belonging to Indian Institute of Management Ahmadabad formed an association. This association, an NGO, is popularly known as ADR (association for democratic reforms) and doing exemplary work to achieve its mission related to political reform.&lt;br /&gt;Both ADR and ECI are making efforts to clean our polity. But government of India is deaf to their endeavors.  And so far no political reform is taken to prevent the growing influence of criminals and money on our polity. Our judiciary by its judicial pronouncement has brought some political reforms.  ADR and others approached high and Supreme Court on some issues and got some direction. These directions are serving as political reforms to some extent.&lt;br /&gt;              Major effective effort was made by TN Sheshan then CEC to streamline the election process. He tried his best to reduce the manipulation of political actors during election process.  For the first time he controlled the criminals from rigging, manipulating and flouting the election process. He overpowered and forced to candidates and parties to follow the rule of the land in elections. Then, he was a great enemy of political parties and political actors. The implementation processes settled during his tenure are guiding principles to conduct free, fair and peaceful elections thereafter.  ECI holds it and maintain it. Therefore the criminal activities during elections reduced. But unfortunately side by side, money power activities increased and took in grip.&lt;br /&gt;Illegal money enhanced its influence during elections.  Recent assembly election of Tamil Nadu is a good example to prove the point. Huge unaccounted cash seized during election. In ongoing UP elections, huge cash seized.  ECI has turned its focus to check this growing cancerous disease of political sector.&lt;br /&gt;The productivity of our parliament is going down. Public is suffering as required laws are not enacted timely.  The laws are not amended to accommodate the changing situations. There is no consensus on public issues. But, there is no dissent in increasing of MP development fund, allowances, and salary of our parliamentarians. Principally, one can’t enhance its own salary. But our MPs are doing so. For others they show paucity of resource but for them all is well. This double standard and non-delivery have eroded public faith in our parliament. Acts of our members make or mar the reputation of public institutions. &lt;br /&gt;Growing number of members with criminals records has added salt to wound.  This has accelerated the erosion of public esteem for this highest body. Members are disqualified by speakers for taking bribes for asking questions and other issues. Now some are in jail along with his secretary for plundering public resource in 2G. And some was in jail for looting and on corruption charges in game scam. To show this face of our MPs and ministers, judiciary played praise worthy role. &lt;br /&gt;Baba and Anna team came in picture as ray of hopes. Public gave them unexpected support when they raised public issues.  Baba focuses on bringing black money back.  And Anna is spearheading to have a lokpal and lokayuktas as means to reduce corruption. They are leading movements. Their efforts are supplemented by CAG reports and judiciary by judicial pronouncements. &lt;br /&gt;What conclusion we can draw. By focusing from TN Sheshan to Arvind Kejriwal, we find that opposition to a truth is a time being phenomenon. It is like an impulse and not long lasting. The intension of Anna, Baba, Arvind, Ajay maken,Vinod Rai, and  Judiciary look well indented and in public interest. This is the reason they are getting public attention and support. Ebbs are basic characters of social movements. In achieving result on a social issue, the very first step is to make a wide constituency. Above described movements, reports and judgments are highly successful in this respect. They have put seeds in soil. Their respective trees will grow as per their gestation period and give fruits in due course of time. &lt;br /&gt;Both are having credit to build an environment against black money and corruption.  Prior to their effort, it was not in limelight. They made it publicly visible. A public pressure is created on government to provide its solution to the public.&lt;br /&gt;If we peep into recent past, those, who tried to raise any public issue or to streamline the system to deliver, are opposed. Judiciary was attacked on over reached ground when it started monitoring the implementation of its pronounced judgments. Baba was given all types of shocks to gag him. All Anna members and Anna are attacked one after other in series. CAG Mr. Vinod Rai was put to humiliating situation to demoralize him and to retard him on the front of his new initiative of performance auditing. &lt;br /&gt;When Ajay Maken sport minister tried to clean sports management associations by a law, he was opposed.  He was criticized by big political actors from both sides- ruling and opposition and none other than his own party. When minister of rural development Jairam Ramesh said our  IIT, IIM faculty  are not world class. He was opposed vehemently. The adage “Truth is bitter” fits here exactly. &lt;br /&gt;In reaction to recent statement of Avind Kejriwal, some are saying he has no faith in democracy. What alternative he has. Some are saying one step ahead, he has insulted our parliament. RJD threatened to bring privileges motion against him in coming parliament session. In centre of all he did so to invite media attention, he is being alleged. &lt;br /&gt;Arvind kejriwal is a big social character of modern India.  He is having social bent of mind. This is the reason he was in touch with mother Teresa mission and formed a foundation to do social work. He didn’t go to industrialist which was easy for him being an IRS officer.  What little information, I do have about him; I can say he is having all required qualities and qualifications to do great service to the nation. He is much better than our so called social and political workers who claim doing social work. He is a natural social leader. He is a role model to our steel frame and bubus.&lt;br /&gt;In every election, our indigenous NGO ADR published criminal and financial status of contesting candidates. Its reports are well researched and based on facts given by the candidates in their candidature. Their time to time publications are in public domain. We can’t expect much a socialist output from a crime tainted and money making personalities-whose thought in not social. Both are two opposite directions. &lt;br /&gt;Our representative democracy is based on socialistic pattern of society. This allows peace loving and public serving (enriching) personalities. Crime tainted and highly defamed can’t claim peace loving. They can’t serve the society as a whole. Ultimately there move would be self serving. This is the reason there is no laxity in our constitution on this quality of members.  May be silent, but tacitly it says this based on convention. It is expected that our leader must have high reputation with social bent of mind. &lt;br /&gt;In view of intention of our constitution, its constituents must be above board. They must enjoy pubic faith by their good deeds and high reputation. So that society can expect good fruits from them. This is what he said what I have understood. His wording, tone, timing may be irritating to some people or class, but he has narrated a truth based on facts. His intention can’t be questioned. Political reform is a long outstanding demand of public to which he gave voice and making it visible like Lokpal. He acted as mouthpiece of public for this issue and coined this public interest matter to serve the society.&lt;br /&gt;We thank to all who criticized him. The more criticism, the more publicity and hence formation of a big constituency, Therefore more service to nation at least in this case. His statement is well intended and to serve the nation. Both Criticism and support are essential to achieve a social goal. Here his intension is political reform to streamline our polity due for long.  Arvind  has mustered courage to peep into this field. He is just mouth piece for millions who wish to see our parliament pious.&lt;br /&gt;(Views are personal and based on many sources)&lt;br /&gt;Heera Lal&lt;br /&gt;www.makingyouhappy.org&lt;br /&gt;09532998213&lt;br /&gt;References: &lt;br /&gt;1. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kejriwal-calls-MPs-rapists-murderers/articleshow/12048654.cms#access_token=AAABrIHwVZA2UBAOqrbdzNy92NZCaoKLD7frZBIUynZCt8xxZBrnx5NuAz7vcwtjOUgFaxyCNLYlZCKIWRkfvbCl4mZCjRpTMj8ZD&amp;expires_in=5184000&lt;br /&gt;2.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kejriwals-remark-against-MPs-in-context-of-Congress-alleges-BJP/articleshow/12059361.cms&lt;br /&gt;3. http://adrindia.org/ &lt;br /&gt;4. http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/government-politics/t-n-seshan.html &lt;br /&gt;5. http://www.mightylaws.in/585/criminalization-politics-nexus &lt;br /&gt;6.  http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/Assembly-Elections-2011/Biggest-seizure-ever-of-black-money-in-elections-from-TN/newdelhi/SP-Article10-684856.aspx&lt;br /&gt;7. http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/the-9-oclock-news/rs-40-crore-seized-in-two-weeks-black-money-running-polls/221464  8.http://presscouncil.nic.in/speechpdf/Role%20of%20Money%20Power%20in%20Elections,Coimbatore.pdf&lt;br /&gt;9. http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Need-to-curb-money-power-in-elections-and-debar-criminals-to-contest-elections-Pratibha-Patil/5064530163&lt;br /&gt;10. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-03/india/28265336_1_winter-session-prs-legislative-research-productivity&lt;br /&gt;11. http://www.firstpost.com/politics/statistics-don%E2%80%99t-lie-parliament-doesn%E2%80%99t-work-79358.html &lt;br /&gt;12. http://news.oneindia.in/2010/08/22/govt-to-increase-mps-salary-again.html &lt;br /&gt;13. http://hcsingh.com/tag/poverty-in-india-and-salary-increase-of-politicians/&lt;br /&gt;14. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/house-panel-wants-5fold-raise-for-mps-link/615792/ &lt;br /&gt;15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Kejriwal &lt;br /&gt;16. http://www.liveindia.com/news/a.html&lt;br /&gt;17. http://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/Sports_promotion.html&lt;br /&gt;18. http://expressbuzz.com/sport/No-reason-to-oppose-Sports-Bill/330286.html&lt;br /&gt;19. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/maken-not-aware-of-ground-realities-says-bcci/1/149646.html&lt;br /&gt;20. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-02/india/30105592_1_sports-minister-sports-development-bill-federations&lt;br /&gt;21. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-02/news/30105890_1_national-sports-development-bill-principles-of-good-governance-bcci-vice-president&lt;br /&gt;22. http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282401100.htm&lt;br /&gt;23. http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?277465 &lt;br /&gt;24. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/675034.aspx &lt;br /&gt;25 . http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-23/india/29573775_1_iits-and-iims-iit-mumbai-world-class&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-5851266392295148324?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/5851266392295148324/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2012/02/tainted-characters-in-highest.html#comment-form' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/5851266392295148324'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/5851266392295148324'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2012/02/tainted-characters-in-highest.html' title='Tainted Characters In The Highest Institution'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-7909982903961788824</id><published>2012-01-06T05:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-06T05:48:06.623-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Corruption movement led by Anna- Suggestion to take it ahead by positive actions</title><content type='html'>Respected Kejriwalji,&lt;br /&gt;First of all i disgree with your word crossroads.It is not. It is a natural phase. This is a movement. Movement seldom achieves its aims in one go. It shows the sinusoidal behavior. Ups are followed by downs. Since you and your team started this, there is no rest. It is continuosuly galloping. It is but natural, it needs rest. Anyway you and your team did well. Work done by you so far is 100% successful. You have developed Anna in each and every house. This is a great achievement. Now Corrupt and its portector are naked in the eye of puplic. These achievement can't belittle.&lt;br /&gt;Happy to read your news. There are two ways in doing a thing. One is destructive and the other is construtive approch. In other words, either by supporting or by opposing. So far we are opposing. Now as a suggestion, I would like to tell you that please switch over to support. In assembley elections support the best candidate in each constituency irrespective of his or her party affliation. This will create the required atmosphere and environment to take the movement ahead in right direction..&lt;br /&gt;Based on my experince, i'm sending this suggetion. I did positive work by destruction actions like removing encroachment and throwing the materials of poor living on government lands illegally. I also did positive work by developing many parks and green belts as head of a head of urban local body. In both, i did positive work. But latter is more effective and appealing than the former. Please don't be on corssroads. Please do positive work by construtive work. So far we did positive work through destruction. I think we should switch over to positive work by construction i.e. by supporting good candidates of all parties. Whole country is with you. Some are in open and others are in hidden. But all are supporting you from their places as issue of corruption is related to them.&lt;br /&gt;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/People-should-suggest-the-way-ahead-for-Team-Anna/articleshow/11383019.cms&lt;br /&gt;Collapse this post&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'People should suggest the way ahead for Team Anna’ - The Times of India&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-7909982903961788824?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/7909982903961788824/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2012/01/corruption-movement-led-by-anna.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/7909982903961788824'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/7909982903961788824'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2012/01/corruption-movement-led-by-anna.html' title='Corruption movement led by Anna- Suggestion to take it ahead by positive actions'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-5887048473662924027</id><published>2012-01-01T06:55:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-01T06:55:54.325-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Trade Mark  of 2011 is Corruption- A historical year for Indians</title><content type='html'>On the last day of 2011, I pondered what trade mark is to be assigned for this ending calendar year. After deep thought, I found one word “Corruption” which attracted the most. It is a social product of Anna team. They are marketing it with full fanfare as social marketers. This is the single issue which hits all Indians inside as well as outside the country. &lt;br /&gt; Anna team is not alone to take its credit. To know its genesis, we need to focus on Baba RamDeo. He is making people aware with the platform Swabhiman trust for many years. Initiall, he staged a protest in RamLila ground. He tried to raise the issue of black money and corruption. He pressurized the government of India to act for bringing black money back. He is highly successful in his mission. Government reacted against him and he suffered because he did some unthinkable mistake. One main reason among many is that he is not having a good team to carry on such time taking and slow changing process.&lt;br /&gt;After black money issue of Baba, another team came into picture. This team is led by Anna. He is having a core team of renowned persons. They took a protest in Delhi against corruption. To curb the growing cancerous corruption, they put a demand for a strong lokpal as a weapon to kill it.  This lokpal bill is pending for last 43 years. They termed their agitation as second freedom movement against corruption. Corruption is very rampant and affecting all in some form. They got support beyond their imagination.&lt;br /&gt;People get medium to vent up their negative energy generated by corruption.  The image of Anna was one major factor for gathering huge support. His agitation brought central government to its knee. Political parties are playing with this issue to get some benefit. But overall impression of pubic is against the political class. This is very dangerous proposition for the country. Reduction of faith in political actors and institutions are not good sign. But it is a fact and it is known to them.&lt;br /&gt;Corruption is the biggest hurdle in development. It is growing slowly and silently. It is affecting all and retarding their growth pace. Inspite of its great negative effect, it couldn’t become a public issue. Thank to god that he sent two saints in 2011 in the form of Baba and Anna who made it a visible public issue. They compelled the governments to act upon unwillingly.  &lt;br /&gt;Social media played very important role in connecting people and exchanging their ideas freely. Through free social media, public supported, endorsed the movement against corruption. It took a shape as it is a movement leading the country to free it from corruption. Yet, we don’t get a tangible result in the form of lokpal, but a strong environment against it has been built. Its heat is felt by the corrupt government. It may be of any party or any state. The credit of government of India is at stake. Chief Minister of Karnataka lost his seat because of his corrupt practices. This is an irony that he was forced to leave even he was having majority support in house. On the other hand most troubled state of Bihar is hailed for its good governance.  This tells that good governance is now the agenda for political actors to worship to please the ‘God’ to get power.&lt;br /&gt;When movement was at peak, to dilute it, congress and some its allies said laws are made in parliament not on streets. This type of blame game was played to dilute the issue and movement. It is true that laws are enacted in parliament as per our constitution. In streets people are not making any law, but they have every right to make parliament know their needs and wishes. And this is the strength of our cherished democracy. If our representative will not keep and act as per the wishes and need of public in parliament and will do what party high command will say, then what option is left to public to tell their wishes to law makers. Should they not go on streets? &lt;br /&gt;India is a representative democracy. Needs and wishes of masses are put before the parliament and legislative assemblies by their elected MPs and MLAs. But reality is what we know all. For a MP and MLA, the wishes of Party high command are prevailing over the wishes of people. Arvind Kejriwal- a prominent team Anna member- in his article dated 1st January 2012 in Times of India “India needs real democracy” very rightly and artistically said about high command culture prevailing in our multi-party political system. Whole system is dwarf before two or three of top leader who think himself as owner of the party. Its members do what so called high commands wish to see irrespective of public demand.&lt;br /&gt;Our constitution says by the people, of the people and for the people. But in light of ongoing practice, Kejriwal quoted it like “of the party high command, by the party high command and for the party high command.&lt;br /&gt;To prove his point he gave example of Rahul Gandhi.  Rahul said Lokpal should have a constitutional status. After his debate in parliament, cong is behind it on war footing, leaving all previous exercises. He comes in category of party high command of Congress. Hence his wishes are prevailing over the wishes of the country. If not then why not this proposal before his debate in parliament.  This raises a question. Does our democracy is practicing as it is in blue book. Its answer is a big “NO”. &lt;br /&gt;This big NO has compelled to all of us to think seriously what to do to bring a match between practice and statute provisions. There is a tolerance limit of everything. If we see very minutely, we can say our representatives keep themselves above law by manipulation or by hooks or crooks. This alarming situation brought down faith of public in political actors and their associated bodies which in turn is very dangerous for the country.&lt;br /&gt;Based on above discussion and cited reasons, I endorse the heading of Arvind. Party workers can’t change it even if they desire. Because party political system in India is very loose and can be manipulated easily. The related highest body is Election Commission of India. Its proposals for political reforms and opinions of public are eating dust in cupboards. Political reforms are utmost required, but it is yet not in picture. This type of functioning of our democracy is not desirable. If it will get the attention of party high command anyhow, it will be passed within no time. Thus, I see the dust created over corruption and black money by Anna and Baba as a very positive sign in the betterment of the country. &lt;br /&gt;I would share the opinion of the others who see it wasted of time, money and many more things.  Tavleen Singh wrote a heading “A wasted Year” in the Sunday express on the 1st January 2012. She says it is a myth that by creating a powerful lokpal, we will be able to dismantle the vast and complex infrastructure of corruption which have a life of many decades. &lt;br /&gt;I think team Anna is not saying this. They are not saying that Lokpal is a magic stick with which ghost of corruption will set on fire. What I have heard and read from Anna and his team that Lokpal is a starting and it will be a strong weapon in the hands of people like RTI.  This is the reason, they have announced to take up issue of political reform after getting it settled and operative like RTI. I fail to understand the logic given by madam Singh. It is like ‘acts are not made on streets.’ She has criticized NAC for food bill and Anna for Lokpal together. She has tried to prove her case meticulously, but I’m not convinced. &lt;br /&gt;So far we were confined to 2011. Turn towards 2012, A news item in ToI (1st January 2012) says “2012 will not be easy for the country.”  To some extent, I see it true, but not entirely. Spill over of USA and Europe’s bad economy will affect us negatively. Added to this, our corrupt practice will provide some acceleration to it.  &lt;br /&gt;Being an optimistic person and positive thinking man, I see some good fruits of social crop showed by Baba and Anna along with Indian public. Now ruling and opposition parties at Delhi and in state capitals have received many shocks of corruption earthquakes erupted intermittently in the 2011. &lt;br /&gt;To prove the point government of Uttar Pradesh dropped nineteen ministers on the charges of mal practices till date. Further to add, Raja and his secretary are still without bail. BJP changed his chief minister in Uttrakhand before election. Why? Its reason is an open secret. It is all due to an environment against corruption built by two saints. Political class has its own compulsions, which we need to understand.&lt;br /&gt;2011 is a historical year. In this year, we launched second movement to liberate the country from corruption with Gandhin style. As per me, 2012 will bring mix results. We will reap good fruits of crop showed in 2011 and we need to take pain to plant more trees like political reform bill to see India as a developed nation by 2020 as envisaged by APJ. To historical year 2011bye bye and welcome to 2012 with full optimism. &lt;br /&gt;(Views are personal)&lt;br /&gt;Heera Lal&lt;br /&gt;www.makingyouhappy.org &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ref:&lt;br /&gt;1. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/India-needs-real-democracy/articleshow/11322587.cms&lt;br /&gt;2. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-wasted-year/894281/ &lt;br /&gt;3. http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-11-01_nravi.pdf&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-5887048473662924027?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/5887048473662924027/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2012/01/trade-mark-of-2011-is-corruption.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/5887048473662924027'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/5887048473662924027'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2012/01/trade-mark-of-2011-is-corruption.html' title='Trade Mark  of 2011 is Corruption- A historical year for Indians'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-425040973899013602</id><published>2011-12-31T08:03:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-31T08:04:26.718-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Program: Enriching Program (Livelihood promotion)</title><content type='html'>Concept Paper &lt;br /&gt;                                     Program: Enriching Program (Livelihood promotion) &lt;br /&gt;                        (By enriching rural folk economically, socially and politically)&lt;br /&gt;Objective: To achieve Economic, Social and Political development of rural folk in UP.&lt;br /&gt;Steps: Economic development through dairy and cluster as first step, social through solar light as second step and political through active participation in political activities after getting social training and becoming established social leaders by social work.&lt;br /&gt;Benefits: &lt;br /&gt;1. Conversion of mind set from poor to be rich&lt;br /&gt;2. Inculcation of passions in personalities to achieve goals. &lt;br /&gt;3. Making healthy by consuming complete food-milk available at home.&lt;br /&gt;4. Motivating to learn accounting and management through application to agribusiness.&lt;br /&gt;5. Enriching rural folk economically, socially and politically.&lt;br /&gt;6. Strengthening of community feeling.&lt;br /&gt;7. Cultivation of habits of self-less services.&lt;br /&gt;8. Inspiring to see big dreams.&lt;br /&gt;9. Developing a high ambition.&lt;br /&gt;10. Fruitful usage of ICT like cell phone and net.&lt;br /&gt;11. Learning how to connect rural to urban through marketing.&lt;br /&gt;12. Making self sustainable and independent.&lt;br /&gt;13. Developing social leaders at village level.&lt;br /&gt;14. Development of many Anna in each village to see his village like Ralegaon Sidhi.&lt;br /&gt;Organization set-up: &lt;br /&gt;State Level: &lt;br /&gt;Patron: Prof Kirpa Shanker ( IIT Kanpur- Honorary)&lt;br /&gt;Over all head: Heera Lal (honorary) &lt;br /&gt;Ramesh Yadav :  CEO&lt;br /&gt;Prof. Tarun Singh Gangwar-(honorary) community advisor rural marketing.&lt;br /&gt;Prof. Jabir Ali IIM Lucknow( honorary) Strategic advisor&lt;br /&gt;Dr I C Nagar ( honorary) community development advisor&lt;br /&gt;Dr. M. Singh ( honorary) community communication advisor&lt;br /&gt;Ashish Raj ( honorary) SHG development advisor&lt;br /&gt;Head of office- S. Shrama and Himanshu Pandey&lt;br /&gt;District Level: NGOs as change agent&lt;br /&gt;Village level: Head of Nodal dairy (Here village means jurisdiction of a gram pradhan)&lt;br /&gt;How to achieve: Brief description of activities: The state level team will provide all know how required to establish a modern and mechanized dairy to district NGOs.  District NGOs will be trained to develop a desired dairy. This will be the first step to develop them economically. Our dream is to establish at least one the most modern dairy in each village of UP which will have a population not less than ten animals. These can be more than one in a village. NGO will co-ordiante, facilitate and do A to Z  to see a sustainable set-up.  For this, we will educate NGOs persons by literature and site visit. State team will equip the NGOs with writing material what to do daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half yearly and annually. They will get input for  required management and accounting. After successful development of dairy, they, in turn, will help the villagers in modernizing, updating and enlarging their rustic dairy. Nodal dairy will purchase the produce at nominal profit (profit will not be more than Rs one per liter)&lt;br /&gt;This way nodal dairy at village level has two roles. One is as produce and second as marketer of his village dairy. Same procedure will apply to other products like solar and political products.&lt;br /&gt;Financial mechanism: Nodal dairy will transfer 25 paisa per liter to NGO. NGO will transfer 5 paisa per liter to state office. They will maintain their affairs with this. This can change subject to mutual agreement. To this effect an agreement in the form of a contract will be signed and registered. &lt;br /&gt;Monitoring: State office head will monitor the progress every day with each NGOs electronically in a prescribed format. This format will be developed by state team in consultation with NGOs. The report will be reviewed by CEO. He will share the report with Head.  The state head will discuss with core team to reach proper and suitable steps. A weekly meeting will be organized at district and state level. The state head will take a monthly meeting of NGOs. These weekly and monthly meeting will be at dairy locations in villages in rotation. This will increase cohesion among them.&lt;br /&gt;Research: The state team will research the latest knowledge and technology. They will consult NGOs to find local suitability and feasibility. To keep ahead in market, embracing updating knowledge is must.&lt;br /&gt;In every district there will be a research team of top 5 Dairy men. They will research on local issues and bring update inputs from outside. This team will organize site visit to successful case to learn and see the success. This team will act as coordinator and assistant to Nodal NGO and will work under its super vision. &lt;br /&gt;Reward: Each NGO will select the best three Nodal dairy on monthly basis. The best three will be given award annually. The criteria for selection will be prescribed. This will develop a competitive   atmosphere in them. And this lead to healthy competition and a race in right direction. The team will work on next product of green energy in parallel to develop them socially.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-425040973899013602?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/425040973899013602/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/12/program-enriching-program-livelihood.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/425040973899013602'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/425040973899013602'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/12/program-enriching-program-livelihood.html' title='Program: Enriching Program (Livelihood promotion)'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-152710446359325399</id><published>2011-10-27T01:44:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-28T23:08:26.986-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Convince if not then Confuse</title><content type='html'>Political marketing: Convince if not then Confuse&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                Congress is trying to confuse public.  Baba Ram Deo and Anna Hazare set two issues keep hitting public mind- Black money and Corruption respectively. They are successful because these are social issues affecting the general masses. These issues were agenda points of BJP in 2009, but couldn’t get luster. BJP tried these political products to sell in the market of 2009  Loksabha election. It was not successful, reason being, BJP as political party didn’t have  the required credit to hit public mind. &lt;br /&gt;                  Duo made issues visible. Visibility crated problem for congress. Being in power for most of the time, it is not able to reject blames outright. One thing has set in publics’ mind that these are the bad side effects of misgovernance of congress. This situation is highly disturbing congress and its government.&lt;br /&gt;                 Initially Congress and government tried to convince both. They labored hard to make them understand that their demand would be met. But all endeavor failed. Subsequently, they are busy to confuse public like past. Here they are doing a great mistake. Now public is well connected through different modes of ICT. Hence having information, and tool to verify the veracity of the facts and timing as well. &lt;br /&gt;                 After independence congress was single effective national party. But with becoming Atal as PM  in 1998 from BJP, things changed drastically. Now it is a parallel national party and giving stiff competition.  Congress is losing its national character gradually at the cost of BJP and regional parties. If we evaluate some regional heads, they are doing better than congress.  CM Nitish kumar is a good example to cite. &lt;br /&gt;                  Congress has not taken any lessons from all these changes and developments. If taken, not emulated to change itself to accommodate all such changes. This is one prominent reason of loosing political ground among many others. They are trying to do politics in Nehru and Indira style in a boundary less and well informed society which was almost absent in past. There are sea changes from then and now. Obama getting elected US president sent a worldwide signal about the change sweeping across the borders. &lt;br /&gt;                  Congress needs to reform itself to meet public expectations. Political parties in power serve the society and public through policies. If assess the performance on this, we will get negative marks. Bills are introduced under public pressure but not passed. Lokpal bill is an example to it. Productivity of our legislative bodies and parliament are going down. It means politicians are doing what not to do and not doing what to do. Hence they are losing public faith.&lt;br /&gt;                  Nitish kumar, Dr. Raman and Shiv Raj Chauhan, Tarun Gagoi as CM has set a new agenda for Indian political actors-perform or go. The agendas are good governance and governance deficit. It is unfortunate to say, water is flowing against the gravity. Right of service was first launched by Madhya Pradesh and now GoI and others are trying to copy. It implies states are ahead in enacting public needed and demanded laws. GoI is lacking in its basic duties, so losing command over public.&lt;br /&gt;                     In the tough political competition, all parties bound to respect public demands and mood. Days have gone of imposing will and ignoring public wishes. Congress is still in old mode of imposing and posing. This is the reason two simple gentle man jolted the oldest party and its government. Further sad part, they are treating these two and their team to reduce the strength to agitation related to all. This is going against. This is generating a feeling that they are getting this treatment because they raised public issues. This also proves old mode functions. &lt;br /&gt;         First attack was on Baba and his close associate Balkrishana. Second attack is on Anna and his team. Santosh Desai has critically analyzed on this issue in his article. If they were not 24 carat gold- the ideal condition- can’t they raise the public issue. On this one can conclude like this. To raise such social issue first one should prove his 100 percent purity. By throwing mud on the social activists, congress is thinking that it will confuse public. It is a wrong notion and mistaken approach. Even if a bad character will raise these, s/he will get issue based support- at least on social sites- a strong tool in public hands. This was absent during Nehru and Indira regime. &lt;br /&gt;          Public has clarity in its mind. They know it is hard to get blameless person, in this case public is not seeing the miner blames of person raising their issues. They are concentrating on the issue affecting the country and its progress. And it is fueled by opposition, civil society, media and intellectuals. Even in deep rural these are talks of town and with blame going on to congress. &lt;br /&gt;            Old adage foreign hand, RSS supported is fired cocks.  Information revolution made it blunt. Hard to understand why congress is using these blunt weapon. Now public questions why RSS and alike can’t raise such issues. What is wrong if it is raised by them? Further, they ask questions why black money generated and why corruption spread and whose duty was to retard its growth. Its answer is congress. &lt;br /&gt;            To prevent further loss, congress should accept its mistake like Clinton accepted as president in case of his sex scandal. Accepting mistake makes one great not mean. If Congress will accept the reality like Bill clinton and promise to act cleanly, they can set the whole process in reverse gear as long term political marketing strategy. &lt;br /&gt;               If not, 2014 election will be on these issues and as of now it will prove a nightmare for Rahul. Though he is trying to administer soft medicine to reform and adjust changes, but it is not working as disease is chronic one. Hence, it needs hard one to cure. One line theme for congress shed old style of imposing. Assess public mood and act accordingly if wish to have their mandate. Try to work with good governance as central agenda. &lt;br /&gt;(Views are personal and based on different sources)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heera Lal&lt;br /&gt;www.makingyouhapy.org&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Sources: &lt;br /&gt;1. http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Citycitybangbang/entry/the-divine-middlemen&lt;br /&gt;2.  http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bjp-accusses-congress-for-creating-emergency-situation-on-corruption-black-money_1554498 &lt;br /&gt;3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India &lt;br /&gt;4. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-23/uk/30312708_1_steve-jobs-apple-founder-pancreatic-cancer&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-152710446359325399?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/152710446359325399/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/10/convince-if-not-then-confuse.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/152710446359325399'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/152710446359325399'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/10/convince-if-not-then-confuse.html' title='Convince if not then Confuse'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-8967239892487350734</id><published>2011-10-14T00:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-15T06:37:56.450-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Political marketing through international diplomacy by OBAMA</title><content type='html'>Changing Diplomatic Landscape in South Asia &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;         In coming days, South Asia (SA) will be the epicenter of world power. SA has potent and fast growing rising countries- India and China. China is second largest economy after US and India is fourth after Japan- India and china together unmatched. With increasing clout of both, SA is in the process to change its diplomatic landscape. US president Barack Obama with an eye on re-election in 2012 is architecting new ways in this region. Four compelling issues made him to act speedily. One,  ailing US economy; two, Osama catch in Pakistan; three, lost of  strategic importance of Pakistan; four, containment of growing China. &lt;br /&gt;        One, ailing US economy: in December 2008 Obama unveiled stimulus packages that exceed $1 trillion. But, US economy did not recover as stipulated and expected. There is valid reason behind it. The Great Recession showed, dramatically, that the US could no longer afford the combination of low taxes, low savings, high welfare benefits and foreign wars. Absent the trillions spent in foreign wars, the US economy may have recovered quickly. But the war on terror doomed it financially. US government debt to outsiders has soared from 40% of GDP to 67 %, and further to 98%, including gilts held by US agencies like the social security system.&lt;br /&gt;           Economist Michael Boskin says in a Wall Street Journal op-ed that federal spending (25% of GDP), the budget deficit (10 % of GDP) and federal debt (67% of GDP) are all at their highest levels since World War II. The proportion of employed citizens (58.1%) is the lowest since 1983. The proportion of long-term unemployed (59%) is the highest since the 1930s. The proportion paying income tax (49%) is the lowest in modern times. The proportion getting government handouts (47%) is the highest in history.&lt;br /&gt;           As per US 2010 census data, In US, Indians are 0.9 percent followed by Chinese 1.1 percent. But in per capita income, Intelligence and labor grading, Indian-Americans are better than Chinese-Americans.  Indians community has two governors and politically influential. They voted and supported financially to Obama in 2008. But ban on outsourcing hit hard Indian community in US. They are annoyed. Obama couldn’t afford this annoyance if he wishes to repeat in 2012. &lt;br /&gt;       On one hand he inherited the ailing economy and on other hand he is the great hope for the US public. If he corrects and takes any measure, its side effect comes in way as in the case of outsourcing.  To reduce the ire, he took many Indian in his administrative team. He visited India in November 2010 and tried his best to put ointment on wounds by announcing his support for Indian permanent seat in United Nations Security council. He tried to assuage emotionally. Along with it, many important bilateral agreements were singed. &lt;br /&gt;Economically and culturally both countries are much closer than any other SA countries. This is also a favorable point in site. This process of coming together was set in motion by then US President Bill Clinton. He visited India and went deep inside the country to see Indian strong traditions closely. During his eight years, he brought this process to such a point from where reversion in not possible. After his tenure, Bush was not that favorable like him. But he couldn’t set the things in back gear as politically it was not advisable and possible too. &lt;br /&gt;To cure ailing economic situation, Indian big market is a point in consideration. Bilateral trades will help a lot in improving the sagged financial conditions. Indian Prime Minister ManMohan Singh is also having good inclinations towards US. His Core team which includes Montek Singh Ahluwalia and Kabil Sibal are also enjoying pro-American image in public. Times to time such allegations are coined against them by opposition. Therefore, for US India is the best friend in SA from economic angle.&lt;br /&gt;Two, Osama catch in Pakistan: after 9/11 incident, Osama became number one enemy of US and the most wanted terrorist worldwide. This incident jolted US from inside for the first time in recent past. This broke a myth that none can attack US. It used to boast and influence that if any one would enter into their territory to attack, their radars, satellites and missiles would not allow it and would foil the attempt in way. But 9/11 attacks proved all such thoughts hyperbole. &lt;br /&gt;Destroying both trade towers resulted in worsening the economic back bone of the country. This is supplemented by unwise and political decisions of fighting wars outside and lowering taxes simultaneously. Through this tactic Bush was able to reelect and  fulfill his personal ambitions. But he brought the country’s economy on the verge to collapse. Economic indicators prove this.&lt;br /&gt;Bush could not find Osama. But, Obama located him in Abbottabad of Pakistan. US attacked unilaterally and killed him on 2nd May 2011.  This is the turning point for Pak-US relations. Before this date, Pakistan denied forcefully that Osama was not in Pakistan. Finding Osama in Abbottabad made each and every American Pakistan’s enemy in the light of 9/11. Americans’ anger was at peak against Pakistan hearing his killing in Pakistan. They celebrated his killing as they won a great war. It was viewed that Pakistan was abetting and supporting terrorists attacking them on one hand and vehemently denying this on other hand. When citizens’ mood is dead against the Pakistan, politically it is not possible for US political bosses to keep it as ally in SA. &lt;br /&gt;A key American lawmaker from Texas has introduced a resolution in the House of Representative to freeze all US aid to Pakistan. The House Resolution (No HR 3013) if passed will freeze all US aid to Pakistan with the exception of funds that are designated to help secure nuclear weapons.&lt;br /&gt; "Since the discovery of Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan has proven to be disloyal, deceptive and a danger to the United States," Congressman Ted Poe said in a statement after tabling the resolution in the House on Friday. &lt;br /&gt;"This so-called ally continues to take billions in US aid, while at the same time supports the militants who attack us. Pakistan has made it "painfully obvious" that they will continue their policy of "duplicity and deceit" by pretending to be US ally in the war on terror while simultaneously promoting violent extremism, the Congressman said. &lt;br /&gt;      Obama is the best political marketer worldwide as on date. Sensing citizen’s mood, he started acting against Pakistan.  Now terror is a big problem for US. Terrorists give call for attacking US time to time.  To reduce this danger, they need a safe and reliable partner in this region. In view of all circumstances, India fits in the block the best.&lt;br /&gt;Three, loss of strategic importance of Pakistan: Pakistan was built up as a spoiler state both by US (early 50s, 60s, and 70s) and by China immediately after 1962 border debacle in NEFA and Ladhakh with India. Pakistan’s strategic importance was very much enhanced in early 50s when US looking for a base to fly the U-2 over USSR found the perfect base in Pehawar to sneak into the USSR from south and fly over vitally important USSR’s space station and strategic missile bases which were far away from the USSR’s European borders. This relationship ended with the shooting down of the U-2 spy plane by USSR. Peshawar, Sarghodha, Rawalpindi ceased to be important military bases to US as these were before the U-2 shooting down. &lt;br /&gt; US focused to exploit Pakistan’s peculiar geography to keep control over the Muslim world of Pakistan itself, Afghanistan, Iran, Gulf region (with huge Pakistani émigré workers), Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan etc. Pakistanis are delighted with the newly found role at the behest of US. They have thrown their lot behind US. Firstly economic and military aid is flowing back again. &lt;br /&gt;US used to control Taliban and Al-Qaeda and other terrorists’ outfits from the Pak Land. Now with fixing time line for withdrawal of US forces from July 2011, new equations are bound to arise. Afghanistan doesn’t treat Pak as friend. For them, India is more reliable than Pak. India too has its own problem to side with Afghanistan. If Pak will gain ground in Afghanistan, it may use this position to fight invisible war against India. To remove this possibility, India is ahead to have a good relation with Afghanistan.  US have a morale duty to see peace after their handing over of power to Afghanistan government. On this count, US can’t believe Pakistan over India. Hence it is promoting India to take its place which is in India favor too and play a bigger role there. &lt;br /&gt;Getting Osama in Pak and withdrawal of forces from Afghanistan started in  July 2011 are two major immediate reasons for strategic importance loss for Pakistan. It is all part of political marketing of Obama for repetition in 2012. US Citizens are against Pak emotionally with finding and killing of Osama. To harness this public feelings politically, political actors are hard pressed to show that they are against Pakistan. Breaking alliance is a part of this game. &lt;br /&gt;Families are waiting for long to bring their near and dear back at home working in Afghanistan. America's most senior commander, Admiral Mike Mullen, described the troop withdrawals from Afghanistan, announced by Barack Obama, as risky. Inspite of this opposition, Obama announced withdrawal from July 2011. Why so because this will help in winning elections in 2012. Families whose members are away for long will please them and they will support him. This action will cut expenditure on incurring on war. Thus, it will improve economy. This decision is also based on political marketing. &lt;br /&gt;Breaking long ties with Pakistan is not as easy as it looks for US. Exposed military and ISI domination and their nexus with terrorist outfits are the troubling point for Pakistan government. Pak has well organized lobbyist inside and outside the US government. To put all these paid actors in reverse mode will take some time. They will try their best to keep it in order to continue their job in order to save their livelihood. &lt;br /&gt;US President Barack Obama, in an unusual criticism of Pakistan's continued flirtation with jihadi groups, told Islamabad to cut its links with "unsavoury characters". Given that Obama had not yet weighed in on Pakistan, after Admiral Mike Mullen publicly described the Haqqanis as an arm of the ISI, his remarks can be a source of comfort to India. It may also mark a tipping point in the US approach to Pakistan. The presidential opinion coincided with the visit of US special envoy Marc Grossman to Pakistan. Afghanistan contextually should emerge in the strategic calculus of the United States as the ‘center of gravity’ in American policies displacing Pakistan Army which has miserably let down the United States.&lt;br /&gt; But political compulsions of Obama are above all. This is the reason Obama clarified and indicated his views and plan for south Asia. 2012 US election is critical for both Obama and Pakistan. It is this which causing to break ties with immediate effect. &lt;br /&gt;Four, containment of growing China: One of the big worries Americans have about China's rising economic power concerns its immense holdings of U.S. government debt. The fear is that Chinese actions regarding these holdings could end up destabilizing the U.S. economy, or that they could be used as a political tool to influence American policy. If China, let's say, got angry at Washington over its support for Taiwan or the Dalai Lama, Beijing could retaliate by dumping U.S. Treasury bills. Or perhaps China would sell Treasuries as part of a no-confidence vote on the future of the U.S. economy. By selling American debt, China would weaken the value of the dollar, damage investor sentiment towards the U.S. economy and make it harder for Washington to finance its giant budget deficits.&lt;br /&gt;        There is no question that China’s recent explosive economic advances are of new concern to Americans with our ever-mounting bilateral trade deficit (which has exceeded $200 billion every year since 2005) coupled with China’s continued dominance as the number one holder of U.S. Treasury securities and its $2.4 trillion in foreign currency and gold reserves. This erosion of our economic position in the world, and the concomitant loss of manufacturing jobs, blamed by many on China, has only added to the rising tensions between our two nations. China’s recent actions in the South China Sea and Beijing’s refusal to join the rest of the world in trying to contain North Korea’s nuclear program and Pyongyang’s aggression towards South Korea are further stress points.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The new China now presents itself as an alternative center of power, and financial largesse, to the United States—and has the resources to back it up. Having flexed its muscles to reinforce this new position, Beijing sought to allay growing fears that China’s &lt;br /&gt;success might pose either an economic or military threat with the establishment in 2005 of the ‘‘Peaceful Rise of China’’ Public Diplomacy campaign. China’s successful implementation of this campaign in playing down the possible negative consequences of China’s ever-increasing dominance was illustrated in President Obama’s response to a question during the recent 2010 state visit by President Hu, ‘‘I absolutely believe that China’s peaceful rise is good for the world, and it’s good for America.&lt;br /&gt;After collapse of USSR,in unipolar era, USA contained India with and through having an alliance with Pakistan. Now fast growing China is a bigger threat to US than India. Hence, USA is trying to use India’s soulder and space like Pakistan to check the growth of China. This concern of USA has expedited the process of changing allies in SA. Diplomatic boundaries among different countries in SA are galloping to reach to some new stable ground.&lt;br /&gt;    Now China is a great danger for its super power status. With growing economy of China, it is able to enhance its clout worldwide. The biggest problem, the US facing, is how to save its worldwide supreme position. To contain growing power of China, US as per its habit will use someone’s shoulder and space. In SA, the most suitable ally- not partner- will be India. &lt;br /&gt; Finally, it is most probable that in new diplomatic settlement in SA, USA, Afghanistan and India will be in same boat. While Pakistan and China will swim together in an other boat of SA diplomatic ocean. Here department of diplomatic affairs of United Nations needs to assist countries in SA in bringing new diplomatic stabilities amicably.&lt;br /&gt;US president Obama is trying his best to regain power in 2012. He is trying to get voters to his side by International diplomacy in South Asia through his best social and political marketing skill of proven record as he is also known as internet president. &lt;br /&gt; (Views are personal and based on different sources)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heera Lal&lt;br /&gt;www.makingyouhapy.org&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Sources: &lt;br /&gt;1. http://swaminomics.org/?p=2049 &lt;br /&gt;2. http://www.mindtree.com/subrotobagchi/the-foreign-hand/ &lt;br /&gt;3. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&amp;prodType=table &lt;br /&gt;4. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Rich-man-poor-man/articleshow/10144072.cms&lt;br /&gt;5. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-27/us/30208149_1_freeze-congressman-ted-poe-resolution &lt;br /&gt;6. http://www.caluniv.ac.in/ifps/Subhadeep%20Bhattacharya1.pdf &lt;br /&gt;7. http://www.ivarta.com/columns/OL_030823.htm &lt;br /&gt;8. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/R41809.pdf &lt;br /&gt;9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sGDnPxrMoQ &lt;br /&gt;10. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1540051.ece &lt;br /&gt;11. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-16/india/28698360_1_wikileaks-cables-fresh-trouble-cpm-members  &lt;br /&gt;12. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rti-montek-singh-alhuwalia-spent-rs-2.34-cr-on-his-official-foreign-trips/1/138060.html &lt;br /&gt;13. http://www.indianembassy.org/UserFiles/India-Review/2010/July-2010.pdf &lt;br /&gt;14. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/23/afghanistan-us-troop-withdrawals-risky &lt;br /&gt;15. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33529.pdf &lt;br /&gt;16. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-12/politics/us.afghanistan.karzai_1_president-karzai-afghan-governments-afghanistan?_s=PM:POLITICS &lt;br /&gt;17. http://political-science.uchicago.edu/faculty/rudolphs/us-asia.pdf &lt;br /&gt;18. http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/opinion/general/6_3_8337348.html &lt;br /&gt;19. http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/undpa/ &lt;br /&gt;20http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Bill-introduced-in-US-House-to-freeze-all-aid-to-Pakistan/articleshow/10137012.cms&lt;br /&gt;21. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/The-trouble-with-stalwart-allies/articleshow/10130185.cms&lt;br /&gt;22. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13256676&lt;br /&gt;23. http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ChanakyaCode/entry/significance-of-president-s-obama-s-visit&lt;br /&gt;24. http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/11/08/idINIndia-52749720101108&lt;br /&gt;25. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33529.pdf&lt;br /&gt;26. http://www.globaltimes.cn/opinion/foreign-view/2010-11/592773.html&lt;br /&gt;27. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Terror-shadow-US-set-to-cut-Pak-ties/articleshow/10274498.cms &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;29. http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2010/02/26/will-china-dump-u-s-debt/&lt;br /&gt;30. http://www.hindustantimes.com/US-threat-of-military-action-unites-Pakistan/Article1-751428.aspx &lt;br /&gt;31. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-08/india/30257846_1_indian-strategists-tom-donilon-haqqani &lt;br /&gt;32. http://cryptome.org/info/occupy-wall-st11/occupy-wall-st11.htm &lt;br /&gt;33. http://lugar.senate.gov/issues/foreign/diplomacy/ChinaInternet.pdf&lt;br /&gt;34. http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers47%5Cpaper4603.html&lt;br /&gt;35 http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2010/04/reform-in-department-of-political.html &lt;br /&gt;36 . http://therapup.net/2008/10/obama-will-be-our-first-internet-president&lt;br /&gt;37. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/opinions/10344197.cms&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-8967239892487350734?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/8967239892487350734/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/10/political-marketing-through.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/8967239892487350734'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/8967239892487350734'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/10/political-marketing-through.html' title='Political marketing through international diplomacy by OBAMA'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-544805813026275790</id><published>2011-09-18T00:37:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T00:37:32.226-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Public, the 5th Pillar of India democracy</title><content type='html'>Public, the 5th Pillar of India democracy&lt;br /&gt;Broadly we can say Anna agitation has two consequences:&lt;br /&gt;1. Proved public is master and leaders are servant.&lt;br /&gt;2. Mass leaders are more effective than elected representative i.e. mass opinion of public leaders is stronger than mandate of political representative.  &lt;br /&gt;3. What are the main differences between a public leader and a public representative?                            &lt;br /&gt;                    In our constitution, we talk about three main pillars-Legislature, judiciary and executive. In addition, we treat free press/media as fourth pillar. Public who is the market for all four was in back as base.  Public as base gives power to all to discharge some mandate.  The distortion in assign mandate is more than tolerance capacity. Hence, public came out from base and took the shape of fifth pillar of democracy to show its strength. &lt;br /&gt;           Legislature is supreme among all five pillars being law makers. Constitution entrust it to frame welfare laws to run country smoothly in forward direction. But actions of our representatives are not satisfying the public. After election, they disregard public demand and opinion. And they are engaged more in self benefiting actions or no action. This affects citizens badly. In absence of needed law due to non performance of legislature, they suffer from different angles. Productivity of parliament has gone down. Recent corruptions highlighted their negative acts to intolerable limit of public.&lt;br /&gt;               Executive didn’t discharge their duties up to public expectations and as mandated by laws. Inactions and their corruptions corroded Indian steel frame and made this pillar very weak. Assessing this weak situation, our polity collaborated with this wing. Executive couldn’t refuse the association being weak and fear to be exposed by political class. Now in corruption, polity and executive are two sides of a coin. These two pillars did all big scams in partnership. One gets entry through selection to work up till the age of 60 while other through election for fixed five years tenure. An independent agency of Hang Kang conducted a survey of 13 Asian countries recently. It found India’s bureaucracy the worst and topper from bottom.&lt;br /&gt;                Fixed tenure of polity and executive and reduced accountability/transparency changed their mind set from servant mode to master mode. This change of mind set proved very dangerous to general pubic. Partnership reduced actions against corrupt activities to almost zero. No action boosted the corrupt practices among both. Slowly and slowly polity dominated and now has the lion share in corrupt produce. Weak executive couldn’t prevent the polity from taking the dominant position in corruption and its enhancing. Frequent transfer, workless and unimportant posting are other tools in hands of political bosses to bring executive to compromising point. &lt;br /&gt;             Fed up with polity and executive, pubic approached judiciary to get relief. Though general impression of judiciary is not better than these two at lower level, but top judiciary enjoys better public confidence. A few Supreme Court (SC) judges took a lead and started giving quality judgments. A step ahead, they monitored the implementation of their orders. By this procedure, SC compelled government to take proper actions. Actions helped in saving the hope of public. Recent judgments improved image of judiciary.&lt;br /&gt;               Free media as fourth pillar of our democracy has a very important role to play. More or less they are enjoying better reputation than others. Though, it is not criticism free.  But by and large, it doing good job currently.  Media is also suffering from the corrupt practice of the partnership firm of polity and executive. They alone are not in a position to challenge the partners. To challenge them, they need some good partners. Among all, they found the public and civil society their best friends. They associated with them and become partner in crusade against corruption.&lt;br /&gt;        Elected representative doesn’t give proper heed to public opinion once elected. Alone none is capable enough to fight and break the nexus of executive and politicians. Public Private Partnership (PPP) model helped them. This model is even promoted by United Nations. PPP model gives role to the societies to play in all walks of life. Government is reducing its role and shifting it to civil societies. It is associating with civil societies in almost all departments. Public and civil societies together started taking relief with the help of media and judiciary. Media highlighted the corrupt practice and judiciary gave the relief.  Gradually civil societies snatched the politician’s ground of providing relief to public.&lt;br /&gt;            Public, civil society in association with media took some public issue to settle it. Centre for Public Interest litigation is a good example in proof. This center through judicial recourses compelled government to act to benefit the masses. Baba Ram through his Swabhiman trust took up black money issue and popularized it. Government took many steps in public pressure, after and during his agitation. Baba Ram Deo’s mass support and its pressure jolted the mandated political class. Civil societies are taking their ground and their mass supports are snatching their mandated power. Baba made a start. Annoyed government tried to suppress him with their mighty power. To some extent it is successful due to mishandling and lack of experience of Baba.&lt;br /&gt;             Anna an experienced social actor and leader along with its team took up the corruption issue. During his protest in April 2011, government made his team partner in drafting under public pressure. But, after a few meetings they divorced. Government representative did mistake in calculating his mass support. They administered same medicine tried with Baba. This didn’t work. Anna declared his agitation as second national movement to liberate the country from corruption. This helps in associating public emotionally with his movement. Media supported him beyond limit. This action of media annoyed political sector. These public and civil societies acted as fifth pillar of our democracy to decide the roles for representative.&lt;br /&gt;             Effective judicial actions, media publicity and civil societies mass catching issues, together, have created a history- Anna agitation. Government realized its mistake. It brought a resolution same day in after noon which was not proposed in the morning. This is done to meet mass demand. Elected representative passed it unanimously under the pressure of mass leader Anna unwillingly and send it to standing committee related to it. Here public shows they are with mass leader and not with their representative to whom they elected. Public set a norm by making mass leader stronger than elected representative. This has not been done earlier since 1947.&lt;br /&gt;          This jolted political actors in India. It compelled them to think about their wrongdoings. Hence it will result in to self corrective actions.  This is a good precedent for the other democratic countries worldwide. Elected representative and selected executive are forced to think about their real role of services-servant role.  It is all probable, they will think to discard their disguised role of master. Anna, a symbol of public, took master role and directed the public servants to pass a resolution which is in the favor of the country. And they did it first time. In past they didn’t, treating themselves master. Treating themselves master, they never give due regard to real master-public opinion. Thus this agitation is unique as it proved that public is the real master on ground. None can usurp this role with them.&lt;br /&gt;               Our elected political actors are representative first from public angle that elect them. For them, they are representative first and leaders latter. Social actors are leaders only for the public. They provide lead to their causes in different forums. The hair difference between leaders and representative is very important. Representative must give due regard to their need and opinion. They must act accordingly. They must serve the public by giving voice to their will in law making places. Leaders have slightly different role. They provide lead to their causes. For leaders unlimited area while for representative their services are limited to their constituency only.&lt;br /&gt;             Might and arrogance of government can’t subside easily. They would try to show their might like Baba Ram Deo- may be in  disguise. They may try to revenge judiciary, media and civil societies. Some media reports indicate towards this. But any such move will be counter productive. India being a democratic country, the mass opinion of public is supreme. Any move against this, in the age communication revolution, will be a suicidal step politically.&lt;br /&gt;(Views are personal and based on many sources)&lt;br /&gt;Heera Lal&lt;br /&gt;www.makingyouhappy.org&lt;br /&gt;09412493734&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/men-and-ideas/entry/a-primer-for-the-corruption-fighter?sortBy=AGREE&amp;th=1&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-544805813026275790?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/544805813026275790/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/09/public-5th-pillar-of-india-democracy.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/544805813026275790'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/544805813026275790'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/09/public-5th-pillar-of-india-democracy.html' title='Public, the 5th Pillar of India democracy'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-7975829679026632715</id><published>2011-09-17T07:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T00:28:36.658-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Political marketing of Narendra Modi, Chief Minister of Gujarat</title><content type='html'>Political marketing of Narendra Modi, Chief Minister of Gujarat, Indida:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; In general we follow 4Ps in commercial marketing. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Political Product: Narendra Modi as CM of good governance. There are two products which he is marketing as political product: his personality and good governance.&lt;br /&gt;2. Price: If he will be voted to power as PM- just for the sake of saying, he will progress the country like Gujarat. He is offering his service to the nation in exchange of vote. He has proved his services in Gujarat as CM. Hence product reliability and quality are there.&lt;br /&gt;And it will sustain in the market.  His good governance is established and recognized by the society.&lt;br /&gt;3. Place: His place of transaction is Gujarat now. He is now trying to promote his political product for other places of the country. Now he is aiming whole country as place of exchange and to position his product.&lt;br /&gt;4. Promotion: His fast of three days started form 17 September 2011 is his promotional activity for selling his political product at national level.&lt;br /&gt;When I compare his style of functioning and managing the political affair, I found many similarities with the US President Barack Obama. Just a few are:&lt;br /&gt;1. Both are well read and having in depth knowledge of political sector.&lt;br /&gt;2. Both are ICT savvy and using its beauty for the benefit of the society in good governance as  modern tool.&lt;br /&gt;3. Both are having bigger personality than their party.&lt;br /&gt;4. Obama was having a big obstacle in the form Hillary. Likewise he is having here Advani.&lt;br /&gt;5. Both are having authoritative and decisive personality. &lt;br /&gt;6. Both are good orators and famous for their effective speeches. &lt;br /&gt;7. Public see both as change agents. &lt;br /&gt;8. Both are self-made.&lt;br /&gt;                      Now seeing the situation and time period for next election, he will be able to carry forward his candidature for the post of PM. He is having problem with his universal acceptability. Riots in Gujarat are blots with him. Now he is focusing to remove that with full vigor. The way he is trying to get rid of this, there is all probability to get success- seeing his management capability and being a self-made man. &lt;br /&gt;                      Above all he is now the best symbolic, mass and popular leader of his party. His competitors in party-L K Advani, Sushma Swaraj, Arun Jaitely, Nitin Gadkari- are not having all three required quality together. Here he is having edge over other colleagues in the party. He is a performer along with Lalu Prasad quality that is he is able to promote himself. He knows the tricks how to sell  the political products and its timing.&lt;br /&gt;                       There are two alliances in the country. One is led by congress and the other by BJP. If he will be able to get the party ticket from the party then he will have to appear in the test of alliance-in case of shortage of majority. This is very difficult. &lt;br /&gt;                                  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                       The biggest outsider competitor is Bihar CM Nitish Kumar. No doubt the acceptability and performance of Kumar is better than Modi on many counts. But party strength wise not comparable. Modi has to work hard on two fronts together. He needs to enhance his acceptability in public and NDA allies.&lt;br /&gt;                         His 3 day fast is a well chalk out plan to start on these two front. Wooing Muslims through their grater participation is the first strategy. The Muslim participation is up to the expected level. And greater participation of allies is second steps planned. TN Chief Minister sends her representative and CM Punjab participated. He is successful in his mission. &lt;br /&gt;                       All circumstances in view and his growing personality, I am for sure, he is next Atal Bajpai of BJP. It is a matter of time only. He is trying to position his candidature for PM by applying all concepts of commercial marketing with help of ICT tools.        &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Views are personal and based on many sources)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heera Lal&lt;br /&gt;www.makingyouhappy.org&lt;br /&gt;09412493734 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Congress-ridicules-Modis-5-star-fast-BJP-lavishes-praise/articleshow/10020447.cms&lt;br /&gt;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/On-Race-Course-road/articleshow/10025018.cms&lt;br /&gt;http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bjp-2014/848092/ &lt;br /&gt;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fast-friends-Muslims-swell-Sadbhavna-show/articleshow/10023420.cms&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-7975829679026632715?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/7975829679026632715/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/09/political-marketing-of-narendra-modi.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/7975829679026632715'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/7975829679026632715'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/09/political-marketing-of-narendra-modi.html' title='Political marketing of Narendra Modi, Chief Minister of Gujarat'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-6619328377366918310</id><published>2011-09-07T22:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-07T23:04:42.606-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Land Bill of 1894 in house after 117 years.</title><content type='html'>It is true that if RG would have not taken it, it would have not moved an inch like past. It is a bill enacted in 1894 and since then remains same for last 117 years. But question is why it is now and not before. Country freed in 1947. What compelled congress to wait since 1947 till now for this amendment. Except a full term of Atal, congress ruled the country after independence. So, in blame game sharing, 90% share of blame goes to congress. &lt;br /&gt;We must thanked RG and Jairam too for his good intended actions. If good actions will not be applauded, it will die- a dangerous situation will come very soon. We must praise all good steps and actions of anyone without political marketing. &lt;br /&gt;If it will be passed, this will be the first big achievement of RG as leader. This will be a political product which he can market in future.&lt;br /&gt;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jairam-tables-land-bill-says-Rahul-Gandhi-force-behind-it/articleshow/9904244.cms#write&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-6619328377366918310?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/6619328377366918310/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/09/land-bill-of-1894-after-117-years-in.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/6619328377366918310'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/6619328377366918310'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/09/land-bill-of-1894-after-117-years-in.html' title='Land Bill of 1894 in house after 117 years.'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-5871085399213871299</id><published>2011-09-07T22:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-07T22:38:46.411-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Reforms to the rescue</title><content type='html'>Very nice article but you are talking only one side of the story. It’s fine to resort economic reform in 1991. It brought fruits to the country and helped in reducing corruption. Is there any fiscal reform without its negative effect? Its simple answer is “No”. In every economic reform, we evaluate both the sides and tried to minimize the negative one.&lt;br /&gt;Why, then FM and now PM, didn’t perceived the ill effects of growing corruption along with growing economy after 1991. &lt;br /&gt;Why he didn’t take appropriate steps to reduce this by product- corruption- by legislating acts to retard the growth of this future graft in parallel with GDP. LokPal may be an act to say which is pending long before 1991. &lt;br /&gt;Why he ignored demerit (expected corruption growth as by product of reform) and talking only about merits (high GDP). This proves flaws in reform and skewed one. Being a world renowned economist,he can’t blame anyone for this. He has to take this blame in right spirit and take corrective measure to rectify this mistake which done in 1991. &lt;br /&gt;Agreed to your proposal that he should continue reforms. And the wish of public in symbolic Anna should get due respect. Political reform must be on the top of agenda to avoid any further long agitation. This is the next agenda point of Anna team as they announced.&lt;br /&gt;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Reforms-to-the-rescue/articleshow/9900689.cms&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-5871085399213871299?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/5871085399213871299/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/09/reforms-to-rescue.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/5871085399213871299'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/5871085399213871299'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/09/reforms-to-rescue.html' title='Reforms to the rescue'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-559906284145399331</id><published>2011-09-07T22:30:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-07T22:31:12.395-07:00</updated><title type='text'>No other govt has shown more will to fight corruption</title><content type='html'>It is very hard to agree with your pleas.  What is the meaning of no other government? Which party ruled India 90% of the time, after 1947? Except a full term of Atal, congress ruled the country after independence all along.&lt;br /&gt;               After 1947, some intermittent interval came to refresh congress rule. If we divide the credit to develop corruption among governments as you said, 90% share is yours. And rest 10% is of Atal, Deovogowda, Inder Gujral, Charn Singh etc- Other governments in your language. Hence accusing others didn’t convince like your general oratory. &lt;br /&gt;               RTI act was passed after a long battle of more than 10 years started by Aruna Roy in Rajsthan. Congress passed it when no option was left. It tried to delay it to the extant possible. If Corruption is harming all, then why Lokpal is kept pending for last 43 years. For sure, now you will clear this pendency as no other way out to delay it- in view of Anna shadow and do or die. &lt;br /&gt;              Corruption, in our supreme pillar of democracy, is rampant. For the first time, you mentioned about political reform in this write-up- seeing the announcement of Anna team as their next issue after Lokpal.  Why congress didn’t give heed to this very urgent issue. Albeit, ADR and ECI in tandem spearheading for this reform and lobbying hard for long. &lt;br /&gt;            Now, a good chance is there for this reform to see the light of day. Why? Its answer is very easy to find. You are not going to take it willingly. Anna team has announced it as next agenda after Lokpal. In view of perceive heat of Anna, a beginning has been made by you.&lt;br /&gt;All above- a few from a long list- prove otherwise what you said. &lt;br /&gt; Congress’ established formula Talk-and-Walk days has gone long back. Please follow the new Walk-then-Talk, like Bihar to regain public faith as you desire in this article.  &lt;br /&gt;Thanks to accept reality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/digvijay-singhs-blog/entry/corruption&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-559906284145399331?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/559906284145399331/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/09/no-other-govt-has-shown-more-will-to.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/559906284145399331'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/559906284145399331'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/09/no-other-govt-has-shown-more-will-to.html' title='No other govt has shown more will to fight corruption'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-6028602859342508508</id><published>2011-08-27T22:39:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-30T07:39:08.764-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Anty-Anna and Their Plea</title><content type='html'>   Anty-Anna and Their Plea&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anty- Anna folks from all sectors pleaded:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.	Parliament is supreme. It can’t and should not be subverted. &lt;br /&gt;2.	None can dictate our sacrosanct parliament.&lt;br /&gt;3.	No time tagging is possible with it in making laws.&lt;br /&gt;4.	Anna’s act will weaken our well cherished democracy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;              No doubt pleas are emotional in nature. No true Indian will allow above. Atleast, I will not allow at any cost.&lt;br /&gt;             Above all is possible only when, Our Parliament enjoys public’s strong faith? Maintaining and increasing faith in parliament is the basic duty of its members. Now question is whether the acts (baring some) of our leaders inside and outside it are helping in increasing the public faith in it. Some acts to highlight the dwindling public faith in parliament are:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.	MPs fund increased from 2 Cr to 5 without any opposition unanimously within hours. Performance of this fund is in public domain. Literature on this recommends reverse action. &lt;br /&gt;2.	LokPal bill running pillar to post from 1968 which is meat to clean corruption from public life.&lt;br /&gt;3.	Political reform bill is utmost needed to clean money power and criminals from politics and to bring real democracy in our political sector who rules the country.  ADR and ECI are spear heading like Anna team to make it a reality. A big Demand is already in the market for it. Yet no step is in site to full fill this public desire. Women reservation bill, administrative reform bill are some glaring example to mention from a long list.&lt;br /&gt;4.	Vote-for-cash incident and cancellation of membership of 11MPs by then speaker Somnath Chaterjee are some real aspects of the acts.&lt;br /&gt;5.	Down going productivity of parliament in making required public welfare laws.&lt;br /&gt;6.	To save democracy situation compelled praiseworthy acts of Judiciary and CAG. &lt;br /&gt;7.	Recent incidents of CAG, 2G are some from a long list. &lt;br /&gt;8.	Ministers, MPs and top babus are in jail.&lt;br /&gt;              Do above acts have helped in increasing public faith in parliament? No, these and a lot more acts of our political actors have created a big distrust. Public have lost hope and faith in their political bosses. Hence, reduction in their faith in parliament due to unexpected acts done by its members. &lt;br /&gt;              Public wanted to recoup this lost faith. They found that in Anna team. To restore faith in democracy and trust in political class, our political sector need to adopt change in their acts and ways- leaving inertia and master mentality aside. Only preaching as good orator is not going to help them. Their acts must match their preaching. Now they can’t run their self business in the name of parliament as anty-Anna folk did.&lt;br /&gt;             Public is fed-up and not ready to allow leaders to act like what they are doing now in the name of saving democracy and parliament supremacy. ICT has made public socially awakened and now they are well read in Open University of the society with help of modern technology. They are now able to read between the lines to save themselves from the tarps of our so called social leaders as political bosses. Anty-Anna people instead of reforming Anna team, they should preach our double-speak political class to mend their acts as per the public expectation and desire of the parliament.  &lt;br /&gt;            Anna gave a start to this through his 13 days protest on JanLokpal bill. Santosh Hegde correctly said so far foundation laying is done.  Government and political actors are not willing to budge even an inch to meet this popular demand. But public support and their huge pressure brought them on knee. Government U-turn decisions in a day. They passed unwillingly a unanimous resolution on all three issued proposed by Anna team.&lt;br /&gt;               In between Rahul Gandhi tried to give a bigger picture of Janlokpal- an improved version of it. He proposed that lokpal should have a statuary status like ECI, CAG during his statement in parliament.  In addition, he also emphasized that many more acts would require to eradicate it or to minimize to a greater extent. Though his intention was nice and his proposal was better than JanLokPal.  But in charged atmosphere against government and congress, his idea evaporated.  None give heed to it.&lt;br /&gt;            His idea was perceived as delay tactics and to divert attention form this issue- seeing the adamant position to adopt Janlokpal. Kiran Bedi reacted on this, before climbing Everest, one should first climb hills. Both Anna team and Rahul are correct at their places. Anna completed his job by climbing hills. Now it is turn for the Congress to achieve Rahul’s picture by bringing an amendment bill to give it a status akin to ECI. For this a special secession may be conveyed. I think Rahul should make effort to realize his proposal to recover the losses done due to Anna episode.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                                          &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Similar link:&lt;br /&gt; http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/all-that-matters/How-to-reverse-the-trust-deficit/articleshow/9762299.cms&lt;br /&gt;http://epaper.indianexpress.com/10748/Indian-Express/28-August-2011#p=page:n=8:z=2 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-6028602859342508508?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/6028602859342508508/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/08/anty-anna-and-their-plea.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/6028602859342508508'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/6028602859342508508'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/08/anty-anna-and-their-plea.html' title='Anty-Anna and Their Plea'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-9101527358705050072</id><published>2011-08-21T00:59:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-23T02:24:08.123-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Anna’s social marketing company and his Inclusive movement</title><content type='html'>               Mohan Das Karma Chand Gandhi experimented a price less weapon of non-violence to free the country from foreign rule. In this no financial cost is required to purchase this. British ruler did utmost atrocities, discriminations with Indians. Hence, they suffered a lot and did not live free and happy life. &lt;br /&gt;               Indians were seething under anger. The main causes of this were misrule and divide &amp; rule policy of its administrator.  To get rid of all such grave sufferings, Indians started searching its solution. Freeing the country form foreign rule was the most widely accepted solution- Independence. This would end British rule and thus its atrocities. &lt;br /&gt;               Citizens would be able to enact their own rules and regulations as per their need. They would form their won government. Hence, their solution lies in a single word “Independence” which would serve the nations purpose.  Gandhiji sensing these woes of citizens at all level started connecting them to the social product Independence. And public connected willingly as it was their need to end continuous suffering on them.&lt;br /&gt;                 He joined public with Independence and carried movement in his own supervision. Finally, he succeeded through his pious goal (social product) Independence and means non-violence protest. He led and ran an inclusive movement. Public from all levels and places participated in it without any hindrance. They associated emotionally, mentally, physically and financially to achieve their goals through Gandhiji and his team.  To have a successful movement, all such elements are needed.&lt;br /&gt;           After independence in 1947, economic growth was very low- known as Hindu growth rate. This slow pace of Indian economy landed it in worst economic crisis in 1991. It is felt that our closed economy is not facing any competition. Hence, it weakens and without strength. To bring out of this, Government of India decided to open it keeping in view the case of China. China being a communist company opened its door in 1980s, ten years ahead of India to foreign investors.&lt;br /&gt;               After this drastic U-Turn in economic policy, Indians growth rate starts picking up. Between 1947 and 1991, the economic offences were not that grave- being low GDP rate. Hence exiting law were- we can say- effective to curb and control the economic related crimes. But after adoption of economic policy reform, economy grew and brought benefits to the country.&lt;br /&gt;               Along with that it brought its side effects too. These sides’ effects in the form of economic offences grew in absence of tough laws to check it. Existing weak and irrelevant laws and lack of political will made the things worst with the passes of time. It spreads its effect in all walks of life. Now corruption at top level is rampant. This took public in grip and hurting them everyday in some forms. This affects the youths the most. &lt;br /&gt;                  In paucity of effective and relevant laws, economic related offences as side effect of opening of it and corruption become insurmountable. It started hitting and harassing public in different ways frequently. Hence public woes become unbearable and intolerable. Now rampant corruption at all levels has wide coverage and reached each and every corner of the country having its link aboard also.&lt;br /&gt;             Like Gandhi, sensing the pain of the public, Anna Hazare – a staunch Gandhian supporter and non violence practicenor- took up this issues first at state level. He experimented it in his state of Maharastra and got success.  After mastery over it, he formed a social company at national level with following details:&lt;br /&gt;Name of the social company: India Against Corruption&lt;br /&gt;                 (It has branch all over the country and aboard)&lt;br /&gt;Objective: Freeing India from corruption.&lt;br /&gt;Product: Corruption&lt;br /&gt;Office organization:&lt;br /&gt; Anna Hazare: Chairman cum Managing Director&lt;br /&gt; Head finanace: Arvind Kejriwal- former revenue officer&lt;br /&gt; Head Leagal: Prasant Bhusan- Practicing leading lawyer of SC&lt;br /&gt; Head Admin: Kiran Bedi- Retired but not tired renowned police officer.&lt;br /&gt; Head CSR- Swami Agnivesh- spearheading social casuses.&lt;br /&gt; Executive Committee members: Santosh Hegde, Shashi Bhushan.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;They have energetic, well read, educated and dedicated young in their offices. They are laden with modern tool and technology. Above all, they are passionate. And they are supplementing the experiences of oldies in team to bring the desired fruits. A few to name are: Manish Sisodiya, Kumar Visvas, Akhil Gagoi, Arvind Gaur, Suresh Pathare,  Dada Bhau laxman Pather, Nitin Davar, Raj Gopal, Mr. Awasthi Murlidharan, Rajendra Singh, Gaurv Baxi, Neeraj kumar etc.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;             This social corporate lead by Anna-as narayana murthy led infosys- is highly rich in experience. Moreover they have required level of maturity.&lt;br /&gt;Learing from Mahatam Gandhi, They took up social issue of “CorruptioN” affecting and hitting every Indians everyday in some forms- utmost in demand. Now they set to sell their social product CorruptioN- supply side. Their product name is “CorruptioN” like Gandhiji “Independence”. Their market is Indians and its area is India.&lt;br /&gt;      The mistakes committed by government of India and Congress one after the other in tackling the issue brought this social company into profit overnight. For this, major credit go to- as per the prevailing public mood and reactions- PM and his team Sri Kapil Sibal, P. Chidambarm, Diggi Raja and Mainsh Tiwariji. The more they acted against Anna team the more promotion of the product CorruptioN got ground and became more visible.  &lt;br /&gt;                Miscalculating Anna made problem the worst. He sat on protest on 4th April at Jantar Mantar. He received overwhelming unconditional public support. This brought government on knee and they accepted their demand by including them in draft committee. This make CorruptioN product more visible and proved its utmost demand in Indian market. &lt;br /&gt;              After this Baba Ram Deo took up issue who was making its ground for many years. He changed the name of the product- Black Money. He enjoyed public faith and confidence on this issue. He sat on a peaceful protest on 6th June 2011 at Ram Lilla ground in Delhi. Government cracked on him in mid night to teach him a lesson, ignoring the support to his issue.&lt;br /&gt;                         Actions started against him and his associates through CBI and Ed, sent a signal of revenge acts. This further annoyed public. Public receives a message that government is not acting against the corruption but against those who will oppose it. This act of government helped in enhancing the anger of the general masses. But immature actions and lack of experience didn’t bring the desired and stipulated results to Baba, but it played the role of backbone in whole episode. Sad part is that Baba has to come on back foot. And his coming back is a loss in nation making. Government saw their victory and some relief in retarding Baba’s speed on these issues. But they fail to visualize the loss which incurred by annoying public through him.&lt;br /&gt;               GoI encouraged by Baba’s retardation case, they administered same medicine to Anna. They deceived them by denouncing their draft. Further, by not allowing him to fast from 16th of  Augest, they hit hard public mood again against themselves.  Arresting Anna in the morning of 16th August is a act like setting jungle on fire. Public anger reached at peak.&lt;br /&gt;                 Cong spokesperson Manish Tiwari’s direct comment to Anna in abusive language keeping all etiquettes of public life aside acted like pouring petrol in fire. It boomed public outrage and opposition got an issue to let down the congress for political economy. &lt;br /&gt;            On a US advisory, Cong tried to divert attention by showing it a US supported agitation to fizzle it out. This strategy fired back and congress came on back foot over this issue. This political move didn’t work, instead harmed.  This was a prevailing policy of the ruling party in the past to hide their sins to divert them in the name of foreign hand. This political weapon of past is blunt now.&lt;br /&gt;               On 20th August another mistake, they brought NAC associates and Madam Sonia’s confident Esteemed Aruna Roy before public. Whatever she said to dilute the Anna issue, public didn’t take even notice. She could not&lt;br /&gt;help as designed but she suffered an image loss like our PM. Aruna Roy flew in the strom(Andhi) of Anna. This planting also didn’t work. Albeit, it harmed.&lt;br /&gt;             All above actions of government time to time tarnished its image&lt;br /&gt;and simultaneously helped Anna’s social company in its product promotion. There is a big question which needs serious attentions. Why such stupid actions/ steps on government part. Is there any internal politics or diplomacy of ruling party? There are some rumors in public to support this- Young vs Oldies- to block ways to young.  &lt;br /&gt;            Government and civil society started separately. Then they came together to draft. Again separate, due to deceiving of government. Now every Indian is supporting Anna with an aim to positive results. To achieve this, we need to bring them along. PM team is so far at fiasco to bring the desired results. Even if they suppress the movement with their might, it will go against their political economy. &lt;br /&gt;                  News came that Rahul Gandhi intervened and secured release of Anna from Tihar jail. It, no doubt, was a damage control move and it helped Rahul himself more than party. He needs to intervene again. This issue can’t be set in reverse gear. So its solution lies in forward actions. &lt;br /&gt;            He should come in picture and convince his oldies to send Janloakpal bill to committee after cabinet approval. He can club Roys’ draft. Pursue committee to expedite the process treating it as emergency case seeing the public mood and demand.  Bringing PM and keeping Judiciary out may be an option to reckon with.  This may be coined as defeat by oppositions. But your win is embedded in this defeat. So, this is the right time to embrace this so called defeat without further loss. Otherwise, if time will go out of hand, you will be only looser and repenter. &lt;br /&gt;             Anna’s newly formed social company with its intellectual team- using modern concept, tools and technology of marketing- is trying to promote its brand action against“ CrruptioN”.  They are applying 4P of marketing to achieve social ends.  Unanimous support from all walks of life and endorsement of celebrities have proved that commercial marketing is working fully on social marketing.  God bless Anna and his team for serving the nation in liberating it from corruption.&lt;br /&gt;(Views are personal and based on different sources. Writer is a Ph.D.  Aspirant with social and political marketing topic. )&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heera Lal&lt;br /&gt;www.makingyouhappy.org&lt;br /&gt;9412493734&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                     &lt;br /&gt;                  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                     &lt;br /&gt;                     &lt;br /&gt;                    &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-9101527358705050072?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/9101527358705050072/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/08/annas-social-marketing-company-and-his.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/9101527358705050072'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/9101527358705050072'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/08/annas-social-marketing-company-and-his.html' title='Anna’s social marketing company and his Inclusive movement'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-3677691005127034667</id><published>2011-08-17T07:38:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-17T07:38:00.386-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Robert Vadra-Real Man behind corruption</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width="425" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/x7dosm2-hY0?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-3677691005127034667?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/3677691005127034667/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/08/robert-vadra-real-man-behind-corruption.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/3677691005127034667'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/3677691005127034667'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/08/robert-vadra-real-man-behind-corruption.html' title='Robert Vadra-Real Man behind corruption'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/x7dosm2-hY0/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-4454616196543496103</id><published>2011-08-14T07:39:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-15T19:28:58.980-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Dwindling Faith in Democracy</title><content type='html'>                    &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;              Dwindling faith in democracy is a worldwide problem. This is weakening our democratic institutions which are strong pillar of public faith. Now countries need to learn lessons and set this trend in reverse gear to maintain worlds’ law and order. Election of Obama- a black African American- is a good example to quote in its support. Decreasing faith in political actors- and in political institutions- made him President. &lt;br /&gt;             Americans wanted to teach the political bosses a lesson. Recent grave economic crisis of US to avoid default on payment on 6th August 2011 is a serious point to be noted. The latest riots in UK (started on 9th Aug 2011) are second in row. The ongoing uproar in India on corruption and black money is a supporting fact of reducing faith in democracy. India needs to take lessons out of these and act accordingly to materialize its dream of to be a developed country by 2020 by former president APJ. &lt;br /&gt;                 Latest deep economic crisis of US looks like this. But it is not. In fact, it is a political crisis. This is a result of false supremacy, manipulated political decisions and ego. They are consuming undue and living lavishly life on debt bond. On this problem, USSR Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said Americans are parasite on global economy. To super imposed egoistic supremacy on the nations, US fought unwanted wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Such politically motivated actions landed the world super power in deep irreversible economic mire. &lt;br /&gt;                The permanent solutions of this can be possible by behavioral change. Changing social thoughts and actions are not easy. This is what Obama is saying, trying and focusing to set his house in order. Rather than playing the role of Chaudhary worldwide. To achieve this he is making efforts by applying all modern tools and technology of social marketing.  Social change is a time taking process. Hence, he will not be able to see its fruits of his initiative, even after at the end of his second term- if he gets me sure of it. &lt;br /&gt;                   Americans now need to lead an austere life like Obama. He is taking the blame of debt crisis which is a bad political product of Mr. Bush. It is his austerity that he is taking responsibility and defame for which he in nowhere accountable.  His consensus style of functioning is a big weapon in his hand. And second time, he will re-elect on this quality in 2012. &lt;br /&gt;                   Obama is trying to mend Americans to leave false supremacy and embrace reality of life. So that US should avoid USSR like dismantling of the country. He will succeed in his this mission being capable to drive the country on such a U- turn path. But not will reap its result as president in 2016- assuming his reelection. &lt;br /&gt;                  The dwindling faith in democratic institutions and political actors gave chance to Obama. And first time in US history a black African American became the most powerful man of the world.  He defeated none other than Hilliary who used to be the first lady for eight years. This proves great erosion of public faith in social organizations. This U-turn in US politics is strong signal for other democratic countries- UK, India.       &lt;br /&gt;                   Recent riot, loot, arson and ablaze on August 9, 2011 in UK reduced “Great Britain” to just Britain. How sudden such well planned man made disaster catches wide area is a dangerous fact to ponder. The ugliest part is that the most civilized and powerful Great Britain was not able to contain the spread in time. Instead it broke out into many other cities. Result was so strong that overnight great title evaporated. This is another red signal for nations having firm belief in democracy. Reducing faith in democracy will give such glaring and grave result time and again. &lt;br /&gt;                  Unwise political decisions, bad governance and false supremacy have lowered the image of the US and UK. These problems are caution signals and wake-up calls to India. The ongoing movement against corruption and black money is coined as second movement to liberate India form corruption after 1947. Anna Hazare is living in a 10x10 meter room in Ralegan Siddhi of Maharastra province. He is getting overwhelming public support. This is due to lessening belief in political institutions. It will finally land us in big and irreversible mire if not taken steps to correct it the earliest. &lt;br /&gt;                    The most damaging aspect is that government and political actors are not supporting the good causes. Instead in retaliation, they are making an all out efforts to thwart their endeavor. Further more, they are criticizing judiciary by saying over judicial activisms and over reach.   Judiciary has enhanced their effort to implement their orders to send justice to its end.  This judicial action can’t term as over reach or over activism. It is the basic duty which judiciary must ensure. Following basic duty is not favorable to government and politicians. Hence judiciary is attracting the wrath of affected political actors.&lt;br /&gt;                     The comptroller and auditor general (CAG) is also under attach like judiciary on over reach account by same class who grossly lacks in discharging their duties. The constitution of India entrust CAG two duties to discharge- One as auditor and the other as controller. Unfortunately our past CAG acted more as auditor but less as controller. They didn’t discharge their duties as per the desire of our constitution. Present CAG Mr. Vinod Rai is discharging complete duty. He is doing both auditing and controlling functions effectively. Doing complete duty is happy news for Indians, but he is getting wrath in lieu of praise from same class. However public is seeing CAG as ray of hope to save the country from going to be ruined. And CAG esteem has risen very high in past few months.  &lt;br /&gt;                      India is famous for its unity among diversity. The binding bond is made-up of thread of faith in democratic organs. The recent public uproar on corruption and black money made it visible. These two issues are now talks of the town. Thanks to Anna and Baba for their patriotism act- by raising these issue without caring the consequences. They act as vent to release public resentment. Both are criticized and their efforts are thwarted by political class. &lt;br /&gt;                      Many moves are made to implicate them to demoralize. Intensive investigations are on against both. Baba is under scanner and a FIR is lodged against Bal Krishna. This is all done after their agitation at Delhi. Why not all such actions before that, this proves it as revenge acts. Not giving permission to Anna for Gandhian style protest is show callous attitude of the ruler. It shows they are protector of corrupt practice. Such thoughts and actions will further decrease the public belief in democratic institutions. And finally, we Indian will also land in mire like US and UK.&lt;br /&gt;                        To avoid such situation, we must take lessons from these two big democracies of the world and support the public causes of social activists Anna and likes. There is a famous saying “hate the sin but not sinner”. Likewise we must support their good causes if not them. If this will not be done, our dream to be a developed nation by 2020- by APJ former president- will be a nightmare. And it will affect Indians first and global public at large. &lt;br /&gt;                Congress is doing a historical mistake. This mistaken loss is irrecoverable.  Congress is trying to find out political solution of issues raised by Anna and Baba. The mistakes lie here. Issues raised by duo are not political one. Both are not having any political ambitions. No doubt they are having sympathy of oppositions like public, but there is no symptom of intimate political game plan against the government.  If it would have been they would have contested some elections. Dealing these issues politically will decrease public rating of congress. Congress already downgraded from AAA  (UPA-1) to AA(UPA-2). &lt;br /&gt;      Still time is there for congress to take corrective actions. The current uproars are a public movement- not a political issue. Though it seems like that. This movement has strength of misgivings and bad governance of last 64 years. Congress needs to structural surgery to fizzle out this movement as they are doing in land acquisition. Congress must take lead to liberate the country from corruption to show its intentions to convince public. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Views are personal)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ref: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43982710/ns/world_news-europe/t/us-parasite-global-economy-russian-pm-vladimir-putin-says/&lt;br /&gt;2. http://www.ruthfullyyours.com/2011/08/09/london-a-wave-of-rioting-looting-arson-and-violence-spreads/ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-4454616196543496103?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/4454616196543496103/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/08/dwindling-faith-in-democracy.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/4454616196543496103'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/4454616196543496103'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/08/dwindling-faith-in-democracy.html' title='Dwindling Faith in Democracy'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-4442681651859879011</id><published>2011-08-01T20:54:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-01T21:00:36.941-07:00</updated><title type='text'>This is not a matter of size</title><content type='html'>Author Medha Nanlvadekar has proved her case mathematically. She suggests an alternative solution for women�s reservation bill which is pending for 15 years. Her formula to make each constituency dual-representative- one man and one woman- is not feasible. On this issue our polity is just showing that they believe in gender equality. So that they can lecture on occasions and take their votes. As per reservation bill 181 men MP has to be replaced by women. Is it looks feasible in our country by our politicians? I think not. We need to search answer of why. Do we think that our political actors do anything which harms them directly or indirectly in anyway? To prove this point, political reform bill is a good example. ( blogs in www.makingyouhappy.org) It is not even in agenda expect discussion. The efforts of ADR and CEC of India are of no gain. Women bill needs highlighting movement. It needs some social worker like Baba Ram Deo and Anna to take up this issue. Baba made Corruption and Anna made Lokpal big social products. They are auctioning it to political parties in India. Lokpal was pending for last 42 years. But it is going to be placed before parliament. The names of black money owner will be announced by the end of this year- says GoI. Theatrically, this is a good solution but feasibly it is not. So, it is a ruled out now. We do have many women social actor who have done exemplary work. Aruna Roy and recently magsaysay awardee Neeliam Mishra of Pune are a few examples among many. We need to develop a team like Anna to raise and take this issue to logical end. Once it will become the public issue from political issue, then authors suggestion can be discussed on table as an option. From the article, amply evident author�s in-depth concern for this issue. She needs to translate this concern into reality by setting the ball rolling. She must facilitate formation of an org to spearhead this by including all sector top women managers- CEO, social workers etc. There should not be any bar to men if wish to work by heart. I lend my support in any form for this good cause to make society more strong by giving gender equality to women and to strengthen our political democracy. Link: 1. http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.co​m/2011/07/our-political-actors​-are-not-kalidas.html 2 http://timesofindia.indiatimes​.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Si​ze-does-matter/articleshow/944​7333.cms&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-4442681651859879011?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/4442681651859879011/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/08/this-is-not-matter-of-size_01.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/4442681651859879011'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/4442681651859879011'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/08/this-is-not-matter-of-size_01.html' title='This is not a matter of size'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-7626101087990616873</id><published>2011-07-31T07:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-31T07:48:30.493-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Twenty years on, a forgotten anniversary: Economic Reform</title><content type='html'>Twenty years on, a forgotten anniversary is a good pointer. The author has raised a right issue at a right point of time. Economic reform initiated by Congress in 1991 has brought good fruits to the country. This way economic reform is a good political product for the cong. Why Cong is not promoting and marketing it by celebrating its 20th centaury to take its political benefit. It looks foolish on the part of the Cong, but there are some valid reasons, not doing so. &lt;br /&gt;One, along with good it has brought some bad things. There are chances of digging out those bad things by opposition. There is always two side of any policy.&lt;br /&gt;Two, country is infected with the issue of corruption. This is a by-product of economic reform. Reform didn’t accompanied by any measure to check economic corruption. This lack in reform has no explanation.&lt;br /&gt;Three, from first August Parliament session is started. Cong doesn’t want to take any risk for giving any issue to opposition.&lt;br /&gt;Four, Celebration is an offensive action; Congress is defensive on all fronts. Thus, it is not possible to take an offensive position from a defensive situation.&lt;br /&gt;Five, Manmohan Singh was the architect of this reform as finance minister in 1991. Now as prime minister, he is facing rough weather and not enjoying same position in public as it was then. So, if house is not in order how one can enjoy.&lt;br /&gt;http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/right-and-wrong/entry/twenty-years-on-a-forgotten-anniversary&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-7626101087990616873?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/7626101087990616873/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/twenty-years-on-forgotten-anniversary.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/7626101087990616873'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/7626101087990616873'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/twenty-years-on-forgotten-anniversary.html' title='Twenty years on, a forgotten anniversary: Economic Reform'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-4919208785466690970</id><published>2011-07-31T06:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-31T06:15:09.734-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Merit Vs Blood</title><content type='html'>This is really a great article. Highlights Merit over blood. To be a developed nation soon, it must take shape of a rule in India. Tata and Infosys has set yardstick for others to follow. What I see, this is to accommodate the changes in order to sustain and grow. In day to come changes will be fast, so rest will have to follow for the survival.&lt;br /&gt;Indian politics are also in transition to acquire the corporate management style to meet the fast changing scenario. If they are adopting the management then they are bound to follow the associates too. Without merit, gaining power will not be easy. If the political sector adopts the principles of merit over blood, corruption issue will subside greatly- Leading to good governance.  Thanks to Tata and Infosys for setting this trend in Indian industry sector and introducing this best practice from the west and European countries. But who will lead to set this trend in politics. I think this is a dream now but for sure it would happen when competition in politics will increase and ICT intervention coverage will be more than 60%. It is as of now 6.9%. &lt;br /&gt;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/all-that-matters/Keep-dynasties-out-of-India-Inc/articleshow/9426528.cms&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-4919208785466690970?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/4919208785466690970/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/merit-vs-blood.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/4919208785466690970'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/4919208785466690970'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/merit-vs-blood.html' title='Merit Vs Blood'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-3139101896542291480</id><published>2011-07-30T08:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-30T08:49:01.629-07:00</updated><title type='text'>We are running out of time, says Obama</title><content type='html'>Economic crisis is still a big challenge for Obama. Though it is gifted him by Bush, but he can’t be exonerated completely. He got chance to remove this problem. But if it is persisting, does it mean he is under performing on this front? To answer this is not easy.  But one excuse he has.  He got less time in view of its gravity. This is second worst economic crisis in American history.&lt;br /&gt;            Country is going to default. If it will happen, country’s credit rating will go down. Going credit down will bring so many problems and develop many complications. Deadlock of not raising the debt ceiling has very valid political reasons. Increasing tax or imposing new tax on wealthy is not suiting the opposition. It will displease republican vote bank. While not raising limit and cutting fund will annoyed democrats’ voters.&lt;br /&gt;              The political economy is the main issue for both the parties. To find a solution of this problem, we need to fix the responsibility for this. Republican Bush depleted the exchequer and brought the country in deep debt.  His mismanagement and wrong political decisions ruined the country’s fiscal structure.  This developed a bad political product in the form of economic crisis. This was one main reason among others Republican Party’s defeat in 2008 election.&lt;br /&gt;              Obama inherited shattered fiscal status. He is trying to solve this, but still not eradicated. He can’t throw complete blame to Bush now. He has to share it his part. He can say he need more time, but this is blot on his governance capability on economic front. Opposition can charge him as non efficient on this issue. &lt;br /&gt;                This deadlock has brought down the image of the country worldwide. Any further delay in resolving the issue will cause irreparable image loss.  Both republicans and democrats will not like this situation for political gains or losses. Politics is not above the nation in a condition when both are responsible for this. Thus, they should understand their contribution to this menace and act hurriedly in nation interest. &lt;br /&gt;            Obama is one of the most intelligent modern political actor. So far he is not in any controversy and no corruption issue has been raised against him. Killing Bin Laden, number one enemy of the country, recovered his sagged image. Now this issue is a litmus test for him. Seeing his record, we hope, he will sort it out without much loss. To see his acumen see my blog;&lt;br /&gt;Link: http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/americas-new-found-love-for-india.html &lt;br /&gt;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-debt-crisis-Senate-House-still-at-odds-as-default-clock-ticks/articleshow/9423494.cms&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-3139101896542291480?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/3139101896542291480/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/we-are-running-out-of-time-says-obama.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/3139101896542291480'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/3139101896542291480'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/we-are-running-out-of-time-says-obama.html' title='We are running out of time, says Obama'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-817634922410900307</id><published>2011-07-26T09:07:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-28T08:52:59.830-07:00</updated><title type='text'>America’s New found love for India</title><content type='html'>USA is supporting India for UNSC permanent seat. It wants India loom larger at world stage- particularly in south Asian region. Through all such love it wishes to achieve something very valuable. President Obama is a mature politician. It is all best steps of his well architected future politics. The foremost hidden agenda behind all these is his re-election for which he has declared his candidature. He is trying to kill many birds with a single stone.&lt;br /&gt;               Recent visit of secretary of state Hillary Clinton has expedited this process. Her statement “we want more India in the world” is an indicator of big change in international policy of US in south Asia. It wishes to use Indian shoulder to further its interest in this region. Presently Obama is the best political marketer worldwide- using full potential of ICT. He has a shrewd plan to sell his defective Afghani political product to India. Further he is trying to set-up a new equation to balance China using the shoulder of India with Japan in this reason.&lt;br /&gt;          India embraced socialistic pattern to develop itself after independence. In cold-war era, India was with USSR. This was just opposite to marketer approach of USA. Hence, a wide gap created between two countries. In 1991, Indian economy opened its tightened door for market players. This shift from socialistic to market friendly was a big event in economic history of India.  Then finance minister ManMohan Singh played a key role in this hard decision. From here gap started reducing between two big democracies of the world.&lt;br /&gt;          Usually IITans dream visiting, working, living in US. As a result the best technical Indian brains drained to America.  With time they got deep rooted. Gradually along with them, other stream’s top brains also migrated. Indians hard working quality (24x7) gave them an edge over Americans as they follow the five- day week and tight-time schedule work culture. The combined effect of hard work and best brain paid Indians. They got good positions and economically became sound. The advent of ICT catalyzed this process and galvanized Indians’ profile. Outsourcing accelerated the gap reducing rate and snatched bulk Americans jobs.&lt;br /&gt;             Obama promised to reduce glaring unemployment in 2008 election.  As per his promise, he imposed many restrictions on outsourcing, just after assuming office. This saved US jobs but hit hard Indians and annoyed them. Indian communities who voted and gave election donations were distracted from Obama.  Knowing this trouble some fact, he tried to reduce this resentment by giving many good positions to Indians in his administration. Now he has declared his candidature for reelection in 2012. He, being an intelligent politician, knows the damages due to Indians’ annoyance on outsourcing issue. &lt;br /&gt;      To reduce resentment and to bring them in 2008 position , Obama moved strategically in November 2010. Keeping eye on re-election, as part of strategy, he coined his country’s support to India for permanent seat in United Nations Security Council during his visit to India. This gave a soothing effect to Indian-Americans.  He knows well the powerful Indian community. Indians have proved that they are hard working, knowledgeable, intelligent and amenable to different situations. In support, I would like to cite: Dipak C. Jain had been Dean Kellogg business school of more than eight years. He made it the best marketing school worldwide.  Now Nitin Noharia is Dean Harvard business school. Duos are best education industry leaders. Likewise in other fields also, Indians are at top.&lt;br /&gt;              To bring the country out of economic crisis, US need a big market and good partner. Obama has a feel of growing power of India. Big and open Indian market is attractive for Americans. By enhancing friendship with India, US can harness the benefit of Indian market. And this will help it a lot in reducing economic crisis at home. Indian community will act as bridge between Obama administration and India .&lt;br /&gt;              President Obama announced to withdraw troops from Afghanistan rejecting military commander’s advises for a more modest reduction plan. Obama planned to withdraw all 33000 American soldiers from Afgan by the summer of 2012. This is also a political move. Now Afgan action is a proved bad political product.  To fill withdrawal vacuum, who is the best option. From strategic point, India too has interest in Afgan. It is capable to handle such situations. India has experience of tackling terrorist activities in Punjab and J &amp;K.  Delay in withdrawal is not possible due to political reasons. Families of cops deployed in Afgan are eager to see their dears back at home. This withdrawal will woo American families to fetch their vote and support in 2012. This is the reason Obama expedited withdrawal plan ignoring the advises of military commanders. Now it is trying to sell this bad product to India.&lt;br /&gt;           After Bin Laden incident, American’s perceptions towards Pak have changed. They consider Pak more foe than friend. Laden was number one enemy of US. Pak sheltered him for long and lied US about his hiding. US invested huge money and time to set score of trade tower incident. Laden hiding disturbed the US-Pak equation. In addition, Obama administration would show respect to its citizen’s changed perception about Pak by changing equations with it. This will help in getting citizen’s confidence and politically economical in view of 2012 election.  Disturbed equations with Pak, compels US to search a new partner in the south Asia region. &lt;br /&gt;               Growing power of China is an open secret. China is giving US a tough competition in all fields. This has damaged so called supremacy of US. Cheap China products are reducing others market including US. So China is hitting USA commercially. China’ growing role at world stage will further affect the commercial and political interest of America. USA, being a market oriented country, will not tolerate shrinkage of its market and business. Arresting growing power of China is a need of hour for Americans.  As usual, to do this US needs someone’s shoulder.  In South-Asian region, under present circumstances, India’s shoulder is the best option. &lt;br /&gt;           Secretary of state Hillary Clinton in her visit to India in July 2011 said she wished to see more India at world stage. This, new found growing love for India, is a strategic part of Obama’ re-election action plan. He knows without the support of strong India- Americans, repetition will not be easy. In view of his election and economic crisis, he is trying hard to woo Indians in his country. Obama is a proved good political marketer. His edge over others is his open mind to accommodate the changes. Along with his diligences, he is using all potential tools of modern technology to leave others behind. He used potential of social media to win in 2008. So, his upward love for India is not to benefit to India and Indians. It is rather for his focus on 2012 target and commercial benefit of the USA and its citizens.&lt;br /&gt;          If we evaluate this love from India’s angle, India has to move very cautiously. USA, a hard core commercial country doesn’t fit even with India’s basic thought process- a socialistic nation. In case of any commercial interest conflict, India will get same treatment like Pak. So, Pranab Mukharjee told Hillary that India doesn’t want to interfere in Afgans security affairs. India should take utmost precaution so that US should not be able to use its land for its own gain and to show its so called supremacy to the world. In transition position India must bargain to have favorable clauses in partnership deed. Now, weak USA will concede and come to terms. This is must to avoid so called American aura to ensure commercial benefit of the country. &lt;br /&gt;Hence, prima facie, new found love seems not  good. It is a well planed political marketing move of Obama. We know love is blind. Hence Chances of slippage is great. To save from slippage on USA love path, India must tread very cautiously to watch the interest of Indian citizens.&lt;br /&gt;(Views are personal)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-817634922410900307?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/817634922410900307/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/americas-new-found-love-for-india.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/817634922410900307'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/817634922410900307'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/americas-new-found-love-for-india.html' title='America’s New found love for India'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-454345950647220661</id><published>2011-07-24T00:30:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-24T07:25:38.710-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Our political actors are not Kalidas.</title><content type='html'>Who should pay for the elections? Not the state&lt;br /&gt;JAGDEEP S CHHOKAR&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;             &lt;br /&gt;I do agree cent-percent with the logics and reasoning given by renowned and esteemed author. He has great experiences as he is working in this field with ADR (since august 1999) in close coordination with election commission and other associated organizations. He has contradicted the idea of starting of funding of elections to start with-SC/ST and women. By giving the support of Law commission findings and views of CECs, very rightly, he says, first we need political reforms- pre requsits for such funding. Without setting political houses in order on different issues like internal democracy, annual audit, transparency etc, state funding will deteriorate the situation- means money power will speak more loudly. It will be like giving a knife to monkey which will harm everyone including himself- not knowingly. &lt;br /&gt;            Without completing national level consultation, circulation of cabinet note by law ministry for soliciting comments indicates some foul play like lokpal bill.  Author has indicated correctly that present and past CEC is opposing including law commission findings, then what type of consensus we talked about.  Is law commission findings and CECs views having low weight than so called opinion censuses- even national level is yet to conduct? I think, seeing the public demand and mood against them, they are trying to show the same path to electoral reform bill like Lolpal. So that it also can’t gets the consent of parliament for many years- as lokpal is pending for 42 years. It may be a diversion tactic to avoid political reform. As government knows the next agenda of Anna is political reform. Hence it can be seen as a move to block their way before they start.&lt;br /&gt;            If we see the things from the initiator’s angle, we found them right in their actions to make electoral reform another jokpal. None would like to make a law which will interfere in their own workings – as did by Kalidas. Now, they are free to mold as they wish. But after electoral reforms, it will be difficult for them to fulfill their wishes. It is not a wise step on their part to make strong and good laws. They have two options then. One, don’t make laws as till date. Two, if compelled to act, then make very weak and ambiguous to manipulate easily. Out of two which one is adaptable? Under present circumstance when country is reeling under the heat of corruption at top level- thanks to judiciary- sitting idle like past is not possible for the government. Hence option one is ruled out. Then option two is workable. Tactic is, give it a controversial start so that it should have a controversial life at least 42 years.&lt;br /&gt;            Inspite of knowing fast moving political scenario, our political actors are not able to come out of their inertia. They are still trying to do politics like past. This is not possible now at any cost. To support this, Obama’s election is a good point to be cited. A study finds that w e live in a age where 60 percent of Americans routinely assume that every politicians is lying to them ( Trippi, 234). So, fed up with whites’ double standards and lies, they elected a black head of the nation. They slapped the leaders and gave a red signal to old politics. Likewise in India, things are similar to USA. Powerless Anna and Baba set some ideas before nation and public is driving this idea with a super fast speed- not imagined by our law makers. In this judiciary is playing its role and not sitting ideal. The judicial actions are accelerating the speed and doing praise worthy work.&lt;br /&gt;               A section of political actors are denouncing it as judicial over reach and activism. While doing so they forget about their inactions and act of sins. They don’t want to be honest, but they wish to see others dead honest.  India is a big democracy and vote is an indicator. If we conduct a referendum for good actions among Legislature, bureaucracy and judiciary, I am sure Judiciary will get the highest numbers in their favor. In changing the situation ICT role can’t be ignored. ICT has affected all walks of life like politics. Obama is a product of ICT that’s why he is also known as internet president. It is difficult to change the oldies. So hope lies with the youngsters. That’s why all political parties are pushing their youth wings to act in full swing. They are trying their best to attract youths as they are amenable and ready to accept the change. They are also aware of to potentials of modern tools and technology like social media. The new political trends can’t be set in reverse gear. &lt;br /&gt; Concluding this, is author expecting our political actors to be modern Kalidas? They should cut same branch on which they are sitting to fall down – as we know about our  historical Kalidas. No, I too oppose this as they are not like Kalidas. But thanks to author for highlighting this issue which in not in national interest from any angle. &lt;br /&gt;(Views are personal and based on different findings and references)&lt;br /&gt;Link; http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/all-that-matters/Who-should-pay-for-the-elections-Not-the-state/articleshow/9341475.cms&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-454345950647220661?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/454345950647220661/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/our-political-actors-are-not-kalidas.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/454345950647220661'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/454345950647220661'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/our-political-actors-are-not-kalidas.html' title='Our political actors are not Kalidas.'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-379768587448334371</id><published>2011-07-18T09:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-18T09:48:48.466-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Baba- outstanding; Obama- good and GoI-bad</title><content type='html'>I read “The way to Satyagragh” by  Madhu Purnima Kiswar  in ToI dated 18 July. I don’t agree with the author’s biased view and anti tone. She has written treating Baba Ram Deo an incarnation of God.  After all, as we know, he is from a simple family of Haryana. No doubt, he doesn’t keep a good social team like Anna. Anna has a team of gems- Kiran Bedi, Arvind kejriwal, Prasant etc. to advise him and to take collective thoughtful decisions.   So, he mostly relies on his own wisdom on social front. Not giving arrest at stage and bearing women’s attire to disguise are two of the many possible actions. There might be many other better options like offering arrest at stage itself.&lt;br /&gt;           Author’s sarcastic comment on yoga and on manner of arrest is objectionable in its flavor and tone.  To support this point:&lt;br /&gt;             One: I would like to mention the way Government of India ( GoI ) cracked on sleeping persons in midnight on 4th June in Ramlila ground.  GoI has plenty experienced leaders, IAS (steel frame) and others at their disposal. But this step of GoI attracted too much criticism. It was termed as trouble inviting decision.  If one measure this step from law and order handling scale. It would prove a blunder. This is the reason Supreme Court took actions suo-motto. &lt;br /&gt;           Two: In July 2009, police arrested black Harvard professor Henery Louis Gates Jr, President Obama reacted aggressively on this. Obama said police who arrested professor ‘ acted stupidly’. On this statement criticism started. To control the damage, Obama settled the issue by inviting all the parties to a beer party at white house without any delay.  Obama having world-class advisors and he himself very learned committed mistake.  The reaction was not up mark and he took corrective measure to control further image deterioration. &lt;br /&gt;            If we compare the decision with GoI and Obama, one can easily conclude that he didn’t pick the best option but not did blunder like GoI.&lt;br /&gt;Furthermore, for the first time Baba played social game. He has no prior experience of such movements. This is a big lacuna with him. This is one  reason among many for his sufferings. &lt;br /&gt;          If I need to rate (relative marking) Baba, Obama, and GoI on issues as discussed above, my comparative rating will be: Baba- outstanding; Obama- good and GoI-bad. In government, annul performance is measured in the descending order of work quality- outstanding, very good, good, satisfactory, bad.&lt;br /&gt;          On above rating, any criticism against Baba is not convincing.  Criticizing is the easiest work. But taking quality decisions in a charged atmosphere (in mobs) and emergency situation is a Herculean task.  As professor, author may be excused on her views and tone. But the achievements of Baba can be realized only by a guy dealing in law and order as SDM, ADM, DM, DC. None other can get the real touch like this author. Inspite of all turmoil no casualty and everything passed off peacefully. What is the net result? Indian black money issue is an international issue and talk of the town.&lt;br /&gt;Link:  http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/The-Way-Of-Satyagraha/articleshow/9259124.cms#write&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-379768587448334371?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/379768587448334371/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/baba-outstanding-obama-good-and-goi-bad.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/379768587448334371'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/379768587448334371'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/baba-outstanding-obama-good-and-goi-bad.html' title='Baba- outstanding; Obama- good and GoI-bad'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-8165221987971051963</id><published>2011-07-16T09:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-16T09:35:54.646-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Unreasonable Plea of GoI on SIT</title><content type='html'>On black money issue Supreme Court (SC) formed a Special Investigating Team (SIT) to monitor the progress of investigation. The SIT formed by Government of India (GoI) was made of officials. The role of officials who act as puppet to ruling party and GoI can do anything fruitful on this daunting task? Sagging image of Babus and not implementing court orders in letter and spirit compelled judge to think some ways to give results. This is necessary to save the public faith in the system.&lt;br /&gt;               Actually court orders are passed by judges and it is complied by babus in the directions of political bosses. If order is affecting the interest of babus and leaders, its implementation will be only a show-off just to avoid court of contempt. Therefore, actual justice as desired by the judgment is denied. As a result, on one hand this weakens the very purpose of judiciary and on the other hand aggrieved is forced to eat half-baked chicken. Additionally Government machinery looses public faith by overlooking actual implementation. &lt;br /&gt;              To protect the interest of all stakeholders- judiciary, aggrieved, babus and political actors- Judges are monitoring the progress of implementation. This gave good result and babus got free hand to work as per rule. This reduces the undue pressure on bureaucracy.  And in turn public hailed the judicial actions. Seeing the time consuming process for Black money issue, they modified the SIT and inserted two tough and honest judges along with others. This annoyed and irritated GoI. There are solid reasons for doing this. Without retired judge SIT has no faith of public under present circumstances. Overburdened judges don’t have time to spare for this issue over a period of time. This complex issue needs combined effect of all wings.  So, without judges in SIT, whole exercise would be not that useful. As rightly said justice should not be only done but  it should also be felt.  &lt;br /&gt;                With a plea that judiciary is taking over executive functions, GoI has moved a review petition in SC. This step of GoI is not in its favor. Government has to think why this situation arose. Is government not responsible for this? Answer is yes. If answer is yes then the role of Judiciary automatically comes in picture to see where government lacks to check growing black money by not following the rules and regulations enacted for this. Compliance of judicial order is the first and foremost duty of the court.  If government is not implementing the judicial order and making it a point of joke, then it is the pious duty of the court to evolve some mechanism like SIT. Otherwise judicial faith will loose its ground form public mind. &lt;br /&gt;             Well known that Hasan ali would have not arrested if SC was not monitoring the case. Baba Ram Deo popularizes the issue and what treatment he got. This is good enough to prove the Government thoughts and intention on black money.  Here public sees intention of SC and Govt. There is no suspicion about SC but it is not good for GoI. This is a self suicidal step for the Government. If Government is doing well, what is to worry, anyone can monitor. This action has strengthened the public opinion that GoI is trying not to do anything on black money issue. GoI is trying to foil the efforts of all other wings. If judiciary will stick to its present SIT and will not allow any amendment. Its image will improve further. Through this GoI is trying to make SIT controversial to win over the situation. But under present situation this tactics in not going to succeed. &lt;br /&gt;                        Personally, I am of the opinion that if judiciary is passing any judgment and its compliance is done as per the intent of the judgment, Then what option is left with judiciary. Moreover, it is the duty of the court to get its order complied as intended. SIT is just a mechanism developed- seeing the intention of GoI-to implement the order passed about the Black money. Where the judiciary is doing the role of executive? Getting implemented the order through a mechanism with the help of retired judges is not intrusion in the executive domain. Instead Judiciary is helping the government by giving him a good tool in the form of SIT. A combined effort in needed for this complicated issue.  Inspite thanking the Judges, They are being blamed by GoI on jurisdiction.  Hurt to see this ugly situation on the part of GoI. Hope good sense will prevail and GoI will not insist it further.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Related to news link:&lt;br /&gt;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Judiciary-taking-over-executives-functions-Govt-to-SC/articleshow/9241091.cms&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-8165221987971051963?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/8165221987971051963/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/unreasonable-please-of-goi-on-sit.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/8165221987971051963'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/8165221987971051963'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/unreasonable-please-of-goi-on-sit.html' title='Unreasonable Plea of GoI on SIT'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-3710264200898775513</id><published>2011-07-15T21:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-15T21:29:44.347-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Fight of Juridiction</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-3710264200898775513?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/3710264200898775513/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/fight-of-juridiction.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/3710264200898775513'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/3710264200898775513'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/07/fight-of-juridiction.html' title='Fight of Juridiction'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-3023962319312751584</id><published>2011-06-26T01:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-27T07:56:35.334-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Most Demanded Social &amp; Political Product: Lokpal</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt; font-family:inherit;color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in;padding:0in"&gt;The Most Demanded Social &amp;amp; Political Product: Lokpal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;Why Lokpal: The country is today ridden by corruption. Whether it be routine transactions that involve the government or services and amenities and benefits provided through the public exchequer, the ordinary citizen pays a price daily in terms of harassment, delays, poor quality, absent infrastructure and in-equal access. What we need is an effective and independent institutional mechanism for tackling the malaise of corruption in this country which we haven’t. Lokpal has played an effective role in checking corruption and wrong-doing in Scandinavian and other nations. The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) set up in 1966 recommended the constitution of two-tier machinery - Lokpal at the Centre, and Lokayukta(s) in the states. What if head of party and head of the government or organization do corruption in a organized manner? To support this many visible examples are in public domain for example many CMs, CJI, top most IAS, babus are under cloud. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;History: The Lokpal Bill introduced in 4th Lok Sabha in 1969 but could not get through in the Rajya Sabha, subsequently, Lokpal bills were introduced in 1971, 1977, 1985, 1989, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2005 and in 2008, yet not passed and pending since 42 years. A big hue and cry about it is going on nowadays.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;Lokpal as social and political product: it was an invisible issue before April 2011 like other bills for example Womens reservation. Baba Ramdeo founded Bharat Swabhiman trust on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:date month="1" day="5" year="2009"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;January 5, 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:date&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;. He was canvassing and making public aware against corruption and black money in his Yoga camps. He toured rigorously and brought in limelight as per his site :1) Our country must get back around 400 lakh crore rupess which is a national asset, 2) By making hard laws of able lokpal completely eradicate corruption, 3) Foreign system (British rule) running in independent India must stop so that all get economic and social justice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;To achieve desired results he applied tools, technology, tricks and concepts of ICT and marketing for these social issues like any commercial product. By using modern social media and applying marketing fundamentals, he made these issues visible and important in pubic eye in a very short span of 2 years. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;In the mean time assessing the visibility of the issues, Anna team brought the solution in the form of Lokpal to curb corruption. His Gandhian style and austere life is his great strength. He has a good team of experienced and learned people of different fields. Hence his coterie is now a civil cabinet at national level to market social products. He sat on Jantar Mantar on 4th April to have a strong and capable lokpal to provide medicine to a country-wide problem of corruption. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Demand was already created over the years by all level of growing corruptions and Baba added salt to it by his Bharat Swabhiman trust. Anna tried to match this huge social demand by supplying its solution in the form of Lokpal. Disappointed citizens purchased this social product and in exchange giving unexpected support. Naturally this annoyed Baba and he showed it in his style on Bhusons inclusion issue.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;The opposition by the powerhouse (GoI) making the things easy for Anna team. The opposition on the role of civil society in policy making is a big issue now. In almost all fields, civil societies are assisting and working in various ways but its first-time entry in policy enactment area has raised eye-brows of political actors. They are feeling this incident as an intrusion. During my study in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial"&gt;USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;, in a political economy course, I did a project related to Oxfam International (OI). OI is a NGO which is doing such jobs since 1990. To be not influenced by governments and to influence them, it doesn’t take government grants. So role of NGOs in policy making area can’t be held for longer in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt; too like outside. Our political actors must learn from outside and mold themselves accordingly. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;Theoretically speaking, in any policy making the first step is constituency building that is demand generation for the issue or making it visible and popular. Lokpal is now talk of the town all over the country and abroad. So its first step is 100% successful. The second step is drafting the bill document. Now a parallel draft of civil society is in public domain. If government will bring any weak and ineffective bill, it will be compared and will expose the intension for fighting the corruption. So, enacting a weak and showy lokpal bill prove counterproductive to the party in government. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;             &lt;/span&gt;How it is the best social and political product: Citizens are facing corruption everyday in one form or other. Anna is now a symbolic hope for all sections of society including politicians and political parties. On political lines one can’t say anything but in personal capacity mostly are with team Anna. Anna is trying to brand his social product Lokpal to get the emotional attachment of citizens. For this, he is saying it is a movement to liberate the country from corruption like Gandhiji’s movement of freeing country form British rule. We can say one more similarity in this liberation movement. Anna represents Naram Dal and Baba Garam Dal. Swabhiman site home page mentions in priceless thoughts about revolutionaries. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;I hope this social marketing strategy through branding will bring the desired result in day to come as it a great social potent product. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;              &lt;/span&gt;Political product: States and Parliament elections are contested on some issues having wide constituency. Bad governance and rampant corruption in states have made corruption and development election issues. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;Gujarat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;   mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;New Delhi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;Bihar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt; are good examples in support of this point. Recent elections of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial"&gt;Assam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;West Bengal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt; endorse it. Current trend shows that in 2012 UP election. Good governance will also be an issue and it’s by product will be issue of law and order. Likewise, in parliament elections, Mandal, Mandir were issues-related to non-governance. But in 2009, good governance and corruption free image of Manmohan was prime factor of UPA repetition. The clean image of PM was the political product to sell in 2009 parliament election. BJP tried to make black money an election issue in last parliament election. Now seed of corruption is showed by Baba and Anna in political field of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;. 2014 will see this as an issue to be contested upon. Reason being, this issue is beneficial to all stakeholders-public, civil society, politicians. This is the reason GoI is trying to bury this issue by making this 42 years old pending bill into an act in coming parliament session. Situations have made “Lokpal” the best current political product of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;Dispute between Anna team and Government: If we read between the lines, there is no difference as basics are agreed upon that is it must be passed in coming session of parliament. Political economy is the main hurdle for the government. Doing political business Congress led government will try all its best to get its credit. To acquire the benefit, they are trying to dilute the position of civil society and oppositions through different diplomacy and tactics. There are so many compromised formulas which will suit both the sides. But Government is fighting for its business to maximise its political economy. Merchant Minhaz suggests one most amicable compromised solution in his article in ToI on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:date year="2011" day="15" month="6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;June 15,2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:date&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;first, should the prime minister come within the purview of the Lokpal? Yes: the prime minister as head of the government must welcome institutional scrutiny - as, for instance, US presidents routinely do - not evade it.&lt;br /&gt;Secondly, should the higher judiciary (high court and Supreme Court judges) fall within the purview of the Lokpal? No, the Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill, currently under legislative review, should instead be strengthened to include a judicial commission which would hear public complaints against senior judges. The judicial commission could have five members: the chairperson of the Lokpal body, the central vigilance commissioner, the leader of the opposition, a senior government minister and a former chief justice of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:   Arial"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:154.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Corruption is not a normal issue as it looks- affecting whole country. So, it needs a movement like led by Gandhiji and will take its own time. A start has been by Anna and Baba. It will see many more ups and downs. So far, we have seen one up and one down of Anna and Baba. Citizens need to push their effort to achieve this patiently and continuously. Indian governance is very complex as diversity is its basic nature. For government, making a balance among all factors is not an easy task. Congress will move in steps and gradually like in 2G and CWG. In these two aslo, first they oppose like lokpal , but public pressure molded them for actions and still actions are in progress. It seems Lokpal will see the light of the day in steps and gradually and not in one go. Since this is the best current social and political product. So, it can’t be set in reverse gear as it has win-win situations for all stakeholders. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;Heera lal &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"&gt;www.makingyouhappy.org&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-3023962319312751584?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/3023962319312751584/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/06/most-demanded-social-political-product.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/3023962319312751584'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/3023962319312751584'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/06/most-demanded-social-political-product.html' title='The Most Demanded Social &amp; Political Product: Lokpal'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-8351981853855596274</id><published>2011-06-19T08:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-19T08:01:41.288-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Synopsis  of my Ph.D. :   Study of ICT enabled services to Social and Political Marketing</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%; tab-stops:92.25pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt;                               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:-.25in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center; line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;Study of ICT enabled services to Social and Political Marketing&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:center; line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:center; line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;Heera Lal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"&gt;Joint Registrar(Executive), State Public Administrative Tribunal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"&gt;Govt of Uttar Pradesh&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;India has come a long way to maturity as an independent nation and had its share of ups and downs, the country has changed drastically in terms of economic prosperity as well as lived the concept of a welfare state.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;In the age of expanding satellite service, fast growing awareness and melting boundaries make it difficult for public managers, social workers and political actors to connect, engage and communicate with the public, masses and voters to the level of their satisfaction. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;To satisfy masses and voters, social and political sectors broadened its boundaries by using concepts and tools of Information Technology (IT or ICT) and marketing. IT has affected and impacted all walks of life in the society. It has brought &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; on world map by exporting its services worldwide- particularly &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;USA&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. Likewise innovative and investigative marketing concepts have galvanized vast consumer sector of &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; too. Keeping in view the vast landscape, number and fast desired speed, social and political sector must work in tandem with IT and marketing for achieving the desired results,.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;These two factors have contributed to the exclusive growth of the country immensely and have brought the results, but Indians lag behind in the fusion of the above two in order to be a developed welfare state with both factors complimenting each other.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;In exclusive growth, social, public and political actors have a major role to play. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Fast changing mind set of pubic where none is will to wait has compelled these sectors to replace their traditional ways and means with modern concepts, tools and technology. Indian Yoga Guru Baba Ram Dev is one of the best current practicing social marketer while President Barrack Obama has set precedent in political marketing as well as good governance worldwide. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;Recent result trends of elections and mass movement against corruption, black money and bad governance are clear indications from the masses that they wish to get rid of these things sooner than later.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;To fulfill these desires of the masses, our political, social and public players need to emulate the modern concept of social and political marketing in establishing &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; as a welfare and developed country the earliest possible. Without the use to these, we can get the name of &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; in the list of developed countries soon as desired as well as the desired result of inclusive growth. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;The idea proposed is to research the impact and effect of IT and marketing that can be employed as a tool and technique to foster social marketing efforts in &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. It also aims at developing a strong medium which can be practiced to evolve political marketing initiative as well.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;Objective of the proposed research are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"&gt;  &lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;      tab-stops:list .5in"&gt;To investigate how IT enabled services can compliment      the social and political marketing.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;  &lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;      tab-stops:list .5in"&gt;To develop a formal framework to achieve the good      governance. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:16.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:16.0pt"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;References:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:16.0pt"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 63.0pt"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;1.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Heera Lal, “How to use social media in indian election”, The south asian time, pp 24-25,&lt;st1:date month="5" day="1" year="2010"&gt;May 1,2010&lt;/st1:date&gt;, NY, &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;USA&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 63.0pt"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Henneberg, “ Political marketing theory : Hendiadyoin or Oxymoron”, Working Paper, &lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:placetype&gt;School&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;  of &lt;st1:placename&gt;Management&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;, &lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;University   of Bath&lt;/st1:city&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region&gt;UK&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-8351981853855596274?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/8351981853855596274/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/06/synopsis-of-my-phd-study-of-ict-enabled.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/8351981853855596274'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/8351981853855596274'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/06/synopsis-of-my-phd-study-of-ict-enabled.html' title='Synopsis  of my Ph.D. :   Study of ICT enabled services to Social and Political Marketing'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-3466581424432623866</id><published>2011-06-18T04:55:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-18T04:56:03.760-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Legislature-Executive Vs Judiciary- Civil Society</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;Legislature-Executive Vs Judiciary- Civil Society&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                  &lt;/span&gt;Recently latter has gained ground over former in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                                         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                     &lt;/span&gt;After independence, constitution empowers legislature to make welfare laws to develop the nation. British rule ruined our nation. Permanent bureaucracy, also known as steel frame, is tasked to implement the laws.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;It was expected that both would work in tandem to convert the constitutional dream into a reality. But after more than 62 years, dream is still dream for the majority. People, particularly middle and lower class, don’t see desired change in there condition and some see no change. The World Bank repot of September 2010 says 28 % in rural and 26 % in urban are living below national poverty line. They didn’t acquire required capacity to manage their day-t0-day life needs. They are now convinced that hard and grave situation is their fate of life. It doesn’t mean, they didn’t make effort to imbibe the fruits of development. Tried but didn’t get response. And finally compromised and waiting some ray of hope to come to save them. There is an overall despair in the society as their voice in unheard. They are subjected to injustice frequently and are paying prices for others fault. For these lots, democracy doesn’t bring the dreamed fruits of life.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;Question now why this situation and how this happened.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Change is the basic reality of life. This can be accommodated by enacting new laws and amending the existing one. Our constitution permits us to enact laws as and when needed and amend it as required to accommodate the progressive changes. This must be to keep laws relevant and suitable in all situations. Very old land acquisition law of 1894 is a good example to understand this point. Likewise, many others old laws are not amended to make them relevant. Therefore, they are not benefiting, instead harming. On this front, our legislature didn’t stand as expected. One can easily assessed what and how much harm old land acquisition act has inflicted to our farmers. For saying, we boast, we have law on this issue. But it is playing a negative role and weakening our backbone. In our agricultural country, farmers are the backbone of the nation- known in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;Hindustan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt; as Annadata- food provider.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt; is developing with good GDP rate. So, new laws are required to accommodate the progress. Lokpal is a good example of this to understand whole story. Just after freedom, it was not needed much. But as country progressed, corruption also increased. With the advent of Member of Parliament local area development scheme in December 1993, the corruption rate rises in politics and a systemized corruption griped our political actor. Contrary, Parallel IT revolution helped in enhancing the transparency. Thus it catalyzed digging corrupt actions.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;To contain this ugly situation within the limits, the demand of a body likes Lokpal- protector of people-increased. Law making is the first and foremost duty of our honorable.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Our legislature neither enacted Lokpal nor amended concern exiting laws. Lokpal is pending since 1969. Therefore, corruption keeps increasing. Still, they don’t feel its importance and therefore its need. Our legislature failed in discharging their very basic duty of law making too. Concluding, our legislature didn’t work as expected on basic front of two duties- law making and amending. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;             &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;The existing friction between leaders and babus regarding the enjoyment of actual power is also a cause among others. This accelerated the deterioration. Leaders instead of focusing to their basic duties of laws started interfering in babus work. And to prevail over them, they took help of transfer and setting up inquires. Fast falling values, degrading social commitment and growing greed made bureaucracy puppet of leaders. And finally they compromised and become partner in law breaking and money making industry. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Without babus’ help, leaders can’t do any wrong as this power rest with them. Partnership is the most suitable proposition for both. To avoid this situation nothing has been done. Interference in daily working increased and worse situation we have reached now. This clearly implies, implementation deteriorated and corruption grip increased gradually. The police are now playing the role of thief in disguise.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;This is the most correct evaluation of current situation. Like leaders, steel frame rusted and implementation is not as per design of the program and project. As a result duo (Leaders-babus) has lost the public faith. To regain ground nothing concrete is done. Second administrative reform bill is eating dust drafted by Veerapa Moily and his team.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;As such judiciary has limited and rare role to play in day-to-day life. So, public expectations are also less as compared to other pillars of democracy. Judiciary comes in picture when laws in not implemented as per its design or a law is misinterpreted. Bureaucracy does this either for self gain or under pressure of bosses or leaders.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;With the deteriorating implementation and misreading laws by them, Judiciary gains the ground. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                    &lt;/span&gt;Since legislature-babus-two sides of a coin- didn’t discharge the desired duties. So, the role of judiciary is getting prominence. Though, judiciary’s role is also not up to the expectation and alone it can’t do much. That’s why the judicial standards and accountability bill is in offing.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;It needs some partner to bring the desired result. Thus, a good combination of judiciary and civil society has formed to fill the gap created by Legislature and babus. Its true that if all three main pillars-legislature, executive, judiciary- of a democracy don’t work well. Then the role of society comes in picture automatically.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                  &lt;/span&gt;Judiciary- Civil society is acting as ray of hope for the disappointed society nowadays. This is one reason among lots that they are getting overwhelming public support. In our country NGO are playing roles in all walks of life expect policy making. Outside the country NGO are involved in policy making too. Oxfam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt; did such work in 1996 and it is a good example of such NGOs. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                   &lt;/span&gt;The supreme court of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt; has played its good role recently. It is an open secret that Hasan Ali went in jail when our justice enjoyed power. If judiciary would not have been in picture, our dream to see Ali in jail would have been a day-dream.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Good judicial actions revive the hope of public. To supplement the judicial action, civil society acted as catalyst. Civil Society took the public issue of corruption which is harming them the most and often. True Gandhian style of Anna made him unelected mass leader and public hero over night. Latter on Baba Ramdeo took black money issue and jolted Government of India.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                   &lt;/span&gt;What national parties couldn’t do? Anna and Baba did overnight. BJP wanted to contest 2009 election with corruption as an issue. But it was unable to do so. What powerless Anna did is well known. Similarly, black money issue was not visible. Now what is situation after Baba’s agitation? Thanks to civil society, who used its public power to put pressure to curb these two societal cancers? Can any government ignore the civil society’s power? If yes, then why Government of India is active on both issues after sitting idle for long. Civil society always plays constructive role in all walks of life provided its capacity utilized properly. In preset scenario, any adverse comment against civil society would harm our democracy. Thus their issues should be taken seriously to provide proper solution for them.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                  &lt;/span&gt;Judiciary-Civil society activisms have revived the hope of public to a greater extent. Notion of thinking that corruption is incurable has weakened. On this minor progress, Public are giving all support to civil society. They are not giving heed to some irrelevant utterances of leaders regarding Anna and Baba as their work is in national interest and to benefit every citizen. Uttering leaders don’t enjoy public faith on these two issues. Judiciary- civil society has gained prominence and ground lost by the legislature-babus due to their inactions. This comparison of duo has given us an insight about the strength of NGOs and civil society.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;The best hope for advancing freedom and democracy among oppressed nations of the world comes not from armed struggle and not from the intervention of foreign powers, but from democratic civil society organizations engaged in strategic nonviolent action.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;               &lt;/span&gt;Now Anna and Baba is unanimous leader to carry the movement of liberating the country from the clutched of corruption. Hence taking the heart power to civil society lightly and decrying them is not good approach by any identity. All such identities and forces would pay heavy price in duo course of time. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;(Views are in personal capacity based on different sources)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;Heera Lal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.makingyouhappy.org/"&gt;www.makingyouhappy.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Estrangelo Edessa&amp;quot;"&gt;References:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Estrangelo Edessa&amp;quot;"&gt;1. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html"&gt;http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Estrangelo Edessa&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Estrangelo Edessa&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Estrangelo Edessa&amp;quot;"&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/31adv.htm"&gt;http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/31adv.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;3. &lt;a href="http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/peoreport/peoevalu/peo_mplad.pdf"&gt;http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/peoreport/peoevalu/peo_mplad.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;4. &lt;a href="http://sabareeshpillai.blogspot.com/2011/03/in-defence-of-mplad-scheme-wwwmylawnet.html"&gt;http://sabareeshpillai.blogspot.com/2011/03/in-defence-of-mplad-scheme-wwwmylawnet.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;5. &lt;a href="http://www.nios.ac.in/srsec317newE/317EL35.pdf"&gt;http://www.nios.ac.in/srsec317newE/317EL35.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Estrangelo Edessa&amp;quot;"&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Reforms_Commission"&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Reforms_Commission&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;7 &lt;a href="http://www.asienhaus.de/public/archiv/Chap3.pdf"&gt;http://www.asienhaus.de/public/archiv/Chap3.pdf&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Estrangelo Edessa&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Estrangelo Edessa&amp;quot;"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.idec.gr/iier/new/3rd%20Panhellenic%20Conference/NAE-GRIGORE-%20NGOS%20ENGAGMENT%20IN%20INTERNATIONAL%20PUBLIC%20POLICY.pdf"&gt;http://www.idec.gr/iier/new/3rd%20Panhellenic%20Conference/NAE-GRIGORE-%20NGOS%20ENGAGMENT%20IN%20INTERNATIONAL%20PUBLIC%20POLICY.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;9. &lt;a href="http://www.rosalux.sn/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Introduction-to-Non-Violent-Strugggle.pdf"&gt;http://www.rosalux.sn/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Introduction-to-Non-Violent-Strugggle.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Georgia;mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Estrangelo Edessa&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Comic Sans MS&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-3466581424432623866?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/3466581424432623866/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/06/legislature-executive-vs-judiciary.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/3466581424432623866'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/3466581424432623866'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/06/legislature-executive-vs-judiciary.html' title='Legislature-Executive Vs Judiciary- Civil Society'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-1362706572241110977</id><published>2011-06-12T22:34:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-13T20:28:26.905-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Congress, Corruption and Counseling</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:20.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 27px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:20.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;There may be some relief for time being for congress and Manmohan Singh as Baba Ramdeo ended his fast on 12 June which he started on 4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; from Ram Lila ground &lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;Delhi&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;. It is a general perception that corruption and black money are byproducts of congress’s bad governance. After independence, congress ruled the country all along, except a full term of BJP ruled by Atalji. One question which every Indian citizen would like to know “How corruption and black money flourished after 1947 and who is responsible for it.” Diagnosing the case, we find, congress ruled most of the time with some intermittent intervals of no significance. Morraji Desai, Inder kuamr Gujral, Chaudhary charan Singh, Devagoda, Chandra shekhar, Lal bahadur shashrit, V P Singh and Atalji were lucky to serve the country form the most powerful seat. But at the same time, they were unlucky also, as none got full term except Atalji- he got one after a short term. If one determines responsibility for corruption and black money, these intermittent PMs would take excuse that they got very short period, so couldn’t do anything effective. But what answer congress will put before the nation. Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajeev Gandhi and now Manmohan Singh got sufficient time to cure and check this cancerous disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                       &lt;/span&gt;For the sake of saying, we are multi-party system in &lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, but prior to Atal our polity-system was effectively single-party-system. At national level congress was only effective party. The advent of AtalJi as PM made our polity two-party-system in true scenes. Situation is still same as at national level only congress and BJP is having wide followings and many CMs. On this front also congress is cornered. Simply we can say congress would have cured easily as there was no strong opposition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                       &lt;/span&gt;Slowly and gradually, corruption becomes part of life. Citizens oppose it but there was no way out, except to accept it and keep it as anger. With the passage of the time, the overload corruption is now unbearable and intolerable. Citizens are simmering under heavyweight of anger of corruption and trying to find some means to take it out. In this regard, all constitutional organs contributed but lions share is of Legislative and followed by babus. Public have lost hope with these two wings and they think them real culprit. They were looking for a ray of hope for long to challenge these menace. BJP tried to make black money an issue in 2009 election but didn’t get public attention. Public knows, they also did nothing to curb corruption in preceding five years- &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;with Atal as PM. People are disappointed with these two actual national parties and trying to get alternative means.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Baba Ramdeo popularized yoga to remove health problems. He reached to a large section of society through his ICT enabled social marketing routes. Almost 4% populations have access to internet to facilitate the molding of public opinion to have a strong soft power. &lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;Mobile&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; has an added advantage over internet as its reach is more wide-spread as compared to internet. Its catalytic action made Baba the foremost figure on this social issue, in a very short span and he did it successfully using modern tools, technology and tactics of ICT and marketing. He is a great social marketer. He started awakening public on this social issue by forming a trust- Bharat Swabhiman. In the mean time, Anna Hazare took up the issue of lokpal bill and sat on Jantar Mantar. Public got the vent to blow out their accumulated anger with the help of Annaji. He acted as venting rod and in exchange he got support what they could not have imagined. Congress assessed the gravity and accepted the demand. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;This incident made corruption start floating as an issue in the society, but as natural, Baba was not happy as Anna reaped the crop sowed by Baba. To regain the lost ground, Baba announced his program of protest with three issues and bringing Black money stashed outside was prominent among them. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                               &lt;/span&gt;Manmohan government handled Anna episode tactfully without any&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;great loss, but did’t learn any lesson as evident by baba’s case. So, by mishandling the Baba’s case, congress will pay a heavy cost for it in long-term. After forceful eviction in &lt;st1:time minute="0" hour="0"&gt;midnight&lt;/st1:time&gt; from &lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;Delhi&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;, Baba kept his fast and got wide publicity over a longer period. Phase-1 of Anna and Baba is over now. Both are cent-percent successful in their aim to make the issue popular. Like Bofors and Mandal, the trees of corruption and black money are panted by duo. It will give sever pain in due course and finally congress will have to pay its cost in 2014 election. After some break, both team will raise their issues and play in full swing as annoyed to make it a permanent imprint in citizen’s mind. Acharya Balkrishna announced that phase-2 of Baba’s stir in 3 months. They have enough time to do their job as 2014 election is almost 3 yrs away from now. Present public mood indicates that next loksabha election may be fought on these social issues. Annoyed Anna and irritated Baba is not going to sit ideally till they achieve something concrete to show the followers. Anna has a good team and maturity and Baba will mature on social front as this incident has jolted him from inside to learn a lot. It is hoped his Phase-2 will be in better shape and will show maturity and seriousness in style like Anna do.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Team Anna wanted to be a part of Lokpal drafting team. Seeing the mounting public pressure, good sense prevailed. Hence, Manmohan accepted the demand immediately and shortened the life of this incident to minimize the damage. Both teams of Anna and Government managed the situation showing expected maturity. After accepting demand, Government with the congress help tried to malign image of the team Anna. This annoyed public against congress as public is fed-up with it and don’t want to hear anything on this. All such implicit or explicit actions are counter productive. In Baba’s case, both team-Baba and Government showed immature actions and reactions. The forceful eviction decision in &lt;st1:time minute="0" hour="0"&gt;midnight&lt;/st1:time&gt; from Ramlila Ground was an administrative blunder in congress history as endorsed by veteran congress leader Basant Sathe in a statement. On the whole, so far, overall gainer is Baba and overall looser is congress and Manmohan government. His continued fast and deteriorating health for more than 8 days, kept him continuously in news with wide coverage in all media. This made his issue more popular than expected. Baba became champion of black money due to miscalculated move by government and illogical and loose talks by some congress leaders. Congress’ image has sagged greatly with public perception that it is trying to crush the movement or divert the issue against corruption and black money by duo. Congress applied same tactics to malign the image of Baba also like Anna by laughable, light and loose-statements. During whole episode Digvijay Singh become famous as man of loose-talk and non-serious leader. His personal image has suffered a lot. This is the reason public pelted stone at his house situated in MP and tried to lodge FIR too as evident form news.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;Problems started by a CAG report in 2G spectrum and followed by CWG, Adarsh housing society scams. BJP blew these issues out of proportion one after the other and did ICT enabled political marketing to get political mileage but at fiasco. Why? Public knows the inside story that BJP did nothing while in power. All along the &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;episode, public showed one more very peculiar sentiment that they didn’t want to drag these nation importance issues into politics.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Government controlled the emergency situation and minimized the damage by sending A. Raja and Kalmani to jail and by changing CM in &lt;st1:place&gt;Maharashtra&lt;/st1:place&gt;. In public’s eyes congress took wise step to manage then immediate political crisis and compulsions. Actions in different cases improved the sagging reputation and public was convinced that congress is doing Ok if not good. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                 &lt;/span&gt;But in case of Baba, things are beyond thinking. Administrative scanning and analysis show that mismanagement has created an impression that congress is making an all out effort to foil the movement against corruption. Congress fears if it will surface many its person may be in trouble. Public also thought that corruption and black money are two bad intangible social products of proudy governance of congress. If it will be an issue in coming elections-having potential to be, it would not be easy for congress to avoid its ownership. As opposition, BJP will try its best to prove congress as parent of these two bad produces. And finally it may lead to great loss- to the extent may be of loosing government like Bofors and Mandal in past. History repeats itself fit here. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:135.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;                   &lt;/span&gt;In short-term, it looks good for political managers and actors in containing the situation, but in long-term congress has to pay a heavy price with high interest rate if corrective measures are not undertaken immediately. To support, see statement of Prnab Mukharjee. He called incident as unfortunate and this was supplemented by defense minister concisely. He who is one confident of top leadership and enjoying good reputation as Mr. clean said very rightly “Transition to Transparency can’t be stopped midway.” This is a timely advisory from within to purge the sin to fit in the party and government in the public mould. Congress has sufficient time to put the things in reverse gear in the clean leadership of Anthony on these issues – unlike Sibal and Digvijay, provided good sense prevails. To achieve this, congress needs to prove its honest efforts to the masses through different visible actions and initiatives. Further congress must try an all out effort to fulfill the public’s demand on these two issues to make BJP, Anna and Baba offensive from their defensive point of firing. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:135.0pt"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#3F3F3F"&gt;Transparency is getting grip worldwide. This is in fact a time of wonder for politics with its 'transparency revolution,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#3F3F3F"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#3F3F3F"&gt;&lt;a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/India"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#336797"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#3F3F3F"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#3F3F3F"&gt;is joining in. It's time for our politicians to see that big picture. And drop their small talk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#3F3F3F"&gt; Congress should take the lead being oldest party instead looking backward.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;(Views are in personal capacity based on different sources)&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;Heera Lal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;www.makingyouhappy.org&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-1362706572241110977?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/1362706572241110977/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/06/congress-corruption-and-counseling.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/1362706572241110977'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/1362706572241110977'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/06/congress-corruption-and-counseling.html' title='Congress, Corruption and Counseling'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-7651315529930556895</id><published>2011-05-14T06:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-14T06:45:27.114-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Servant leadership</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" &gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;"&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;Servant leadership: I saw the definition and concept coined by great organizational guru Robert K. Greenleaf. A person with intense desire to serve will finally land to lead and will take the command of leadership, How? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;Strong desire forces a person to serve the people by heart and soul. This will develop a lot many followings &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;(among to whom services are provided) gradually. And finally, he will be the leader of the community being served. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;Leadership is the consequences of intense desire to serve, so to serve is the first and foremost quality of a servant leadership.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;From above (which is my understanding about the servant leadership?) concept when I evaluate myself, found myself a perfect servant leadership. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;I am a permanent career bureaucrat in the state of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:   18.0pt"&gt;Uttar Pradesh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;. As per my job profile, state government transfers me to different locations and in different capacity as overall administrator (ruler) and commander of the jurisdiction assigned. My strong internal desire to serve the public promotes me to serve the people in a better way. My better services gave me goodwill and confidence of public to whom I served and finally I became their leader. In the servant leadership criteria, I found my style of functioning a complete fitting. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;As Mayer of Municipality provided quality and expected timely services to public and finally was more popular than an elected leader of the area. Similarly, in natural disaster, managed relief activities as per the expectation of public in district Farrukhabad, went and walked in deep water to manage efficiently. As a result overnight I became hero in public and media. The desire to serve forces me to walk deep into water for more than 5 kilometers to take stock of situation first hand. Wherever I was posted, I became leader by serving public qualitatively and timely. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;Though still in job, but the strong &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;desire compelled me to serve. So I launched my own site to make people happy by resolving conflicts and counseling to provide right path, direction. This activity is in parallel to my permanent job which is free of cost. If one will read my site &lt;a href="http://www.makingyouhappy.org/"&gt;www.makingyouhappy.org&lt;/a&gt; thoroughly, one can easily read my mindset and thought process without any fail. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;Since my mindset, style of working and thinking is matching with the Guru Robert K. Greenleaf, so I would like to associate with your Greenleaf center to further the mission of servant leadership concept. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;Please guide me future course of action. Hoping a prompt reply.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;Link: www.greenleaf.org&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-7651315529930556895?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/7651315529930556895/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/05/servant-leadership.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/7651315529930556895'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/7651315529930556895'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/05/servant-leadership.html' title='Servant leadership'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-5889500351839914591</id><published>2011-05-14T05:37:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-14T05:37:58.645-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Perform or Go</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit; color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in; padding:0in"&gt; The slogan ‘The change we can believe in’ made Obama President because he proved himself as agent of change during his election. Likewise &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit;color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in;padding:0in"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit; color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in; padding:0in"&gt;Mamta also projected and proved herself as a agent of change against mighty CPM and got thumping majority. Both are good public figure- being not corrupt and fighter for public causes. Obama made history by becoming first black president while Mamta made history by devastating 34 years strong citadel of CPM.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt; font-family:inherit;color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in;padding:0in"&gt;The assemblies election is very much affected by Baba Ram Dev and Anna, but not visible. Baba planted tree to fight against corruption through his Swabhiman awareness campaign and Anna irrigated it by sitting on Jantar Mantar. This way duo paves the way to charge the battery against corruption, non-performer and bad governance. The recently charged atmosphere helps in bring down the non performer-WB and corrupt-TN and promoted Tarun Gagoi as he acted otherwise to perform- astonishing third time come back.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt; font-family:inherit;color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in;padding:0in"&gt;Keeping the result of Shiv Raj Chauhan(MP), Shila Dixit(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit;color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;   mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in;padding:0in"&gt;Delhi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit; color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in; padding:0in"&gt;), Narendra Modi(Gujrat),Nitish Kumar(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit;  color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in;  padding:0in"&gt;Bihar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit;color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in;padding:0in"&gt;) and Tarun Gagoi(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit;   color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in;   padding:0in"&gt;Assam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit; color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in; padding:0in"&gt;) in view, we can say to regain power in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit; color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in; padding:0in"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region&gt;&lt;st1:place&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit;   color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in;   padding:0in"&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit; color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in; padding:0in"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:inherit;color:#393939;border:none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0in;padding:0in"&gt;politics, CMs have to perform now. This is a good trend and happy news for Indians. The main hurdle in performance is corruption. This also implies, now public will not tolerate corruption on the part of public and political actors. This is well proved if we see in the light of self- giving support of public to AnnaJi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:black"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;Thanks and Regards,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;           Heera Lal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.makingyouhappy.org/" target="_blank"&gt;www.makingyouhappy.org&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;       Cell: 9412493734&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1612592454212326929-5889500351839914591?l=heeralalpcs.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/feeds/5889500351839914591/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/05/perform-or-go.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/5889500351839914591'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1612592454212326929/posts/default/5889500351839914591'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://heeralalpcs.blogspot.com/2011/05/perform-or-go.html' title='Perform or Go'/><author><name>Heera Lal (www.makingyouhappy.org)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04247044033182252744</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_qgIN19rNY-o/S4MH2xAb0jI/AAAAAAAACY4/UrCsdT4aWsw/S220/DSC00272.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1612592454212326929.post-3239407164597898087</id><published>2010-05-10T12:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-10T12:18:01.114-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Combating Administrative Corruption in Afghanistan</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"&gt;  &lt;v:stroke joinstyle="miter"&gt;  &lt;v:formulas&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"&gt;  &lt;/v:formulas&gt;  &lt;v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"&gt;  &lt;o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"&gt; &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id="Picture_x0020_18" spid="_x0000_s1035" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://mapsof.net/uploads/static-maps/afghanistan_flag_map.png" style="'position:absolute;"&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.png" href="http://mapsof.net/uploads/static-maps/afghanistan_flag_map.png"&gt;  &lt;v:shadow on="t" opacity=".5" offset="6pt,-6pt"&gt;  &lt;w:wrap type="square"&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;img width="140" height="109" src="file:///D:/DOCUME~1/admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" align="left" hspace="12" alt="http://mapsof.net/uploads/static-maps/afghanistan_flag_map.png" shapes="Picture_x0020_18" /&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:group id="_x0000_s1026" style="'position:absolute;margin-left:360.4pt;margin-top:-3pt;" coordorigin="7329" coordsize="4911,15840"&gt;  &lt;v:group id="_x0000_s1027" style="'position:absolute;left:7344;width:4896;" coordorigin="7560" coordsize="4700,15840" allowincell="f"&gt;   &lt;v:rect id="_x0000_s1028" style="'position:absolute;left:7755;width:4505;" fillcolor="#936" stroked="f" strokecolor="#d8d8d8"&gt;    &lt;v:fill color2="#bfbfbf" rotate="t"&gt;   &lt;/v:rect&gt;&lt;v:rect id="_x0000_s1029" style="'position:absolute;left:7560;top:8;" fillcolor="red" stroked="f" strokecolor="white" strokeweight="1pt"&gt;    &lt;v:fill opacity="52429f" opacity2="52429f"&gt;    &lt;v:shadow color="#d8d8d8" offset="3pt,3pt" offset2="2pt,2pt"&gt;   &lt;/v:rect&gt;&lt;/v:group&gt;&lt;v:rect id="_x0000_s1030" style="'position:absolute;left:7344;" allowincell="f" filled="f" stroked="f" strokecolor="white" strokeweight="1pt"&gt;   &lt;v:fill opacity="52429f"&gt;   &lt;v:shadow color="#d8d8d8" offset="3pt,3pt" offset2="2pt,2pt"&gt;   &lt;v:textbox style="'mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1030'" inset="28.8pt,14.4pt,14.4pt,14.4pt"&gt;    &lt;![if !mso]&gt;    &lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;      &lt;td&gt;&lt;![endif]&gt;      &lt;div&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="'mso-bidi-font-size:48.0pt'"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;/div&gt;      &lt;![if !mso]&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;/tr&gt;    &lt;/table&gt;    &lt;![endif]&gt;&lt;/v:textbox&gt;  &lt;/v:rect&gt;&lt;v:rect id="_x0000_s1031" style="'position:absolute;left:7329;top:10658;" allowincell="f" filled="f" stroked="f" strokecolor="white" strokeweight="1pt"&gt;   &lt;v:fill opacity="52429f"&gt;   &lt;v:shadow color="#d8d8d8" offset="3pt,3pt" offset2="2pt,2pt"&gt;   &lt;v:textbox style="'mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1031'" inset="28.8pt,14.4pt,14.4pt,14.4pt"&gt;    &lt;![if !mso]&gt;    &lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;     &lt;tr&gt;      &lt;td&gt;&lt;![endif]&gt;      &lt;div&gt;      &lt;p class="NoSpacing" style="'line-height:150%'"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="'color:yellow'"&gt;Prepared      By&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="'color:yellow'"&gt;: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="NoSpacing" style="'line-height:150%'"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:"&gt;Sayed Zaman Hashemi&lt;span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="NoSpacing" style="'line-height:150%'"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:"&gt;Elizabeth Cardona&lt;span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;USA&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="NoSpacing" style="'line-height:150%'"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:"&gt;Yuri Nikiforov&lt;span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"&gt;                   &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Russia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;)&lt;span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="NoSpacing" style="'line-height:150%'"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:"&gt;Heera Lal&lt;span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"&gt;                           &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="NoSpacing" style="'line-height:150%'"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:"&gt;Junichi Kabuban&lt;span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"&gt;              &lt;/span&gt;(&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Japan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="'color:yellow'"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;/div&gt;      &lt;![if !mso]&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;/tr&gt;    &lt;/table&gt;    &lt;![endif]&gt;&lt;/v:textbox&gt;  &lt;/v:rect&gt;&lt;w:wrap anchorx="page" anchory="page"&gt; &lt;/v:group&gt;&lt;v:rect id="_x0000_s1032" style="'position:absolute;margin-left:-114pt;" fillcolor="blue" strokecolor="white" strokeweight="1pt"&gt;  &lt;v:fill color2="#365f91"&gt;  &lt;v:shadow color="#d8d8d8" offset="3pt,3pt" offset2="2pt,2pt"&gt;  &lt;v:textbox style="'mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1032;mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'" inset="14.4pt,,14.4pt"&gt;   &lt;![if !mso]&gt;   &lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;    &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;&lt;![endif]&gt;     &lt;div&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="'text-align:center'"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:26.0pt'"&gt;Combating Administrative Corruption in &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="'text-align:center'"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt'"&gt;Master’s Project &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="'text-align:center'"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt'"&gt;PPA 996, Spring 2010&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class="Default"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class="NoSpacing"&gt;&lt;span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt'"&gt;Professors: Dr. John Palmer &amp;amp; Dr. David Van     Slyke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:36.0pt;font-family:Cambria;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;     &lt;![if !mso]&gt;&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/table&gt;   &lt;![endif]&gt;&lt;/v:textbox&gt;  &lt;w:wrap anchorx="page" anchory="page"&gt; &lt;/v:rect&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position: relative;z-index:1;left:11px;top:-4px;width:963px;height:1058px"&gt;&lt;img width="963" height="1058" src="file:///D:/DOCUME~1/admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1026 _x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028 _x0000_s1029 _x0000_s1030 _x0000_s1031 _x0000_s1032" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15" spid="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="en_stop_corruption" style="'position:absolute;"&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="en_stop_corruption"&gt;  &lt;w:wrap type="square"&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;img width="460" height="463" src="file:///D:/DOCUME~1/admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.jpg" align="left" hspace="12" alt="en_stop_corruption" shapes="Picture_x0020_15" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id="Picture_x0020_17" spid="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="im_syracuse-maxwell" style="'position:absolute;" insetpen="t"&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image006.jpg" title="im_syracuse-maxwell"&gt;  &lt;w:wrap type="square"&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;img width="120" height="73" src="file:///D:/DOCUME~1/admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.jpg" align="left" hspace="12" alt="im_syracuse-maxwell" shapes="Picture_x0020_17" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="TOCHeading" style="line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext"&gt;Table of Contents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;color:windowtext"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc1"&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;TOC \o &amp;quot;1-3&amp;quot; \h \z \u &lt;span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470864"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext; font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;font-style:normal"&gt;Excutive Summary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen; font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;font-style:normal;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;font-style:normal"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; font-weight:normal;font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;Part 1. PROBLEM ANALYSIS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc2" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:150%;tab-stops:right dotted 431.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;1.1. &lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470865"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;Background&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;6&lt;span style="mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc2" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:150%;tab-stops:right dotted 431.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;1.2. &lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470867"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;Administration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;6&lt;span style="mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;1.3. &lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470868"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;Corruption: What is it and how does it occur?...............................................................&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;…….6&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc2" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:150%;tab-stops:right dotted 431.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;1.4. &lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470869"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;Who is Corrupt and Who are the Victims&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;8&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;Part 2. CURRENT GOVERNMENT’S POLICY EFFORTS TO ADDRESS CORRUPTION: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc3"&gt;2.1. Policy Efforts ……….………….…………………………………………..…………….…...8&lt;span style="mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;2.2.&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt; Existing Anti-corruption Institutions…………………………………………..……………..9&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%"&gt;Part 3. &lt;span style="text-transform:uppercase"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470873"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;Dimenstion, Cuases and Negative Impact of Corruption:&lt;span style="display:none;mso-hide: screen"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc3"&gt;3.1. Nature of Corruption……………………………………………………………………….....9&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;3.2. Extreme Poverty……………………………………………………………………………...10 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc3"&gt;3.3. &lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470874"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext; mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;Government Faluire &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;10&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;3.4. Fragile Security and Political Instability……………………………………………………..11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;3.5. Law Enforcement Agencies Failure………………………………………………………….11&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;Part 4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS:&lt;span style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;4.1. Media 'Watchdog' role……………………..………………………………………………...12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;4.2.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Media as a Tool against Corruption………………………………………...……………….14&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;4.3.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;Lessons from Japan for Afghanistan…………………………..……………………………14&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc3"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Part 5. ACCESS TO INFORMATION:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"&gt;5.1. Right to Information (RTI) Successful Experience…………………………………………18&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"&gt;5.2. Legal Feasibility in Afghanistan for the RTI………………………………………………..19&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration:none"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;Part 6. CIVIL SOCIETY:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%"&gt;6.1.&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"&gt;Definition……………………………………………………………………………………20&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;6.2. Civil Society in Afghanistan…………………………………………………………………21&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;6.3. Afghanistan Civil Society Entities ( NGO’s)………………………………………………..21&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;6.4. Community Council of Elders……………………………………………………………….22&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;6.5. Interest Groups……………………………………………………………………………….22&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;6.6. NIGERIA - a lesson for Afghanistan………………………………………………………..23&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt"&gt;6.7. Background…………………………………………………………………………………..23&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;Part 7.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;ENFORCEMENT AGENDA:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt; line-height:150%"&gt;7.1. Enforcement Institutions……………………………………………………………………..27&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;7.2. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"&gt;Anti-Corruption Agencies……………………………………………………………………30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;7.3. Analysis of Existing Anti-Corruption Laws, Regulations, and Policies……………………31&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;Part 8. RECOMMENDATIONS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc3"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;Policy Recommendation One………………………………………………………………….....31&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc3"&gt;Policy &lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;Recommendation&lt;/span&gt; Two&lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470876"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;display:none; mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;33&lt;span style="mso-no-proof: yes"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc3"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Policy &lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;Recommendation&lt;/span&gt; Three…………………………………………………………………...35&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc3"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Part 9. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY..&lt;/u&gt;………………………………………………….&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;38&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc2" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:150%;tab-stops:right dotted 431.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470879"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;text-transform: uppercase;mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext; display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"&gt;.. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;39&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc2" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:150%;tab-stops:right dotted 431.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470879"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;mso-no-proof: yes"&gt;Recommendation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;display:none; mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;40&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoToc2" style="margin-left:0in;line-height:150%;tab-stops:right dotted 431.5pt"&gt;&lt;a href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_Toc247470879"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%;color:windowtext;mso-no-proof:yes"&gt;Bibliography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;mso-no-proof:yes; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style="'mso-element:field-end'"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;Executive Summary:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Like many other countries in the world, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; tries to find ways to address the issue of corruption. Corrupt practices at all levels within the government have led to creating enormous problems for impoverished ordinary Afghans, who directly bear the burden of this ominous phenomenon. Addressing the systemic corruption issue is vital for the future life of the country, and requires a fundamental solution. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Thus, it is essential to find out how and to what extent corruption has negatively impacted the daily life of Afghans. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; has a complex geopolitical history that has turned the country into a buffer zone and proxy battlefield between rival superpowers and regional powers. In the 1980s, following the invasion of the country by the former &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Soviet  Union&lt;/st1:place&gt; and the emergence of anti-Soviet &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"&gt;Mujahideens, &lt;/i&gt;or holy warriors, corruption became pervasive in different forms: political corruption, nepotism, theft of public properties, embezzlement in government institutions, and others.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id: edn1" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[i]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; During the invasion, most part of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; turned into a battlefield between Soviet troops and their installed regime from one side, and &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Mujahideen&lt;/i&gt; fighters on the other side. The conflict severely worsened the quality of life in the country. In some cases it totally obliterated the economic, legal, social and cultural infrastructures of the country. Once the rule of law had been lost, the government agencies and judicial system were unable to maintain order, which often led to anarchy. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The collapse of the government institutions was especially prevalent in the countryside.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn2" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[ii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Furthermore, it forced 20% of the population to flee the country. Meanwhile, insecurity, extreme poverty and high unemployment rates forced Afghans to get involved in illegal activities in order to survive. As a result, between 1987 and 2000, per capita rate of production dropped by 45%. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;The invasion combined with the civil war and protracted conflict has remarkably hindered economic growth in this country. Currently, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; is still one of the poorest countries in the world. The country heavily relies on international aid for 90 percent of its expenditures. In addition, about 40 % of the estimated 15 million people labor force is unemployed, and approximately 53% of the population lives under poverty line. Furthermore, according to the Transparency International, it is the second most corrupt country in the world&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn3" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[iii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;It is worth noting, that in late 2001, following the fall of the Taliban regime, a new era began blossoming in Afghanistan’s history—direct intervention of the international community in the country. &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; began to slowly, but steadily enjoy a better economy. This was due to a multi-billion-dollar aid donated by the international community aimed at rebuilding the war-torn country. However, the financial surge also increased &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;’s vulnerability to corruption.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn4" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[iv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Thus, despite of enormous contributions, a large number of Afghans, over 50% still lack access to the basic services in most parts of the country. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in"&gt;Production of illicit drugs is another causal factor that has led to a shift toward corrupt practices in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. According to UNODC 2009 survey, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; produced 93% of illicit drugs in the world, generating about $3 billion in black-market trade.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn5" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[v]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; According to Afghan law, production of illicit drugs is considered a form of corruption. The survey also says that &lt;a name="OLE_LINK2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="OLE_LINK1"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:OLE_LINK2"&gt;23% of the country’s GDP ($ 2.5 billion) changed hands in the form of bribe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;ry. Based on the 2010 UNODC survey, besides the lack of rule of law, high unemployment rate, extreme poverty and lack of basic infrastructure, corruption is the highest threat to the social fabric of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in"&gt;As will be demonstrated in the discussion that follows current government efforts have overall been ineffective in decreasing corruption. Furthermore, implementation of the current strategy has proved counter-productive in some instances; public frustration has encouraged people to seek alternative service provider (joined hand with the Taliban), which further jeopardizes an already fragile state. In our findings, Afghan citizens understand that the central government is weak and in some areas doesn’t even exist, public administrators’ salaries are very low, frequently not paid, a long history of the devastating war, conflicts, fragile security situation all provoke everyone to resort petty corrupt practices, which are a low risk and high profit activity in order to take it from day to day. As reported by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the salary paid by the government is one-tenth of the income that is gained from corruption – such a high income from low risk petty corruption making the opportunity cost of not resorting only to the government payment. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in"&gt;This paper analyzes “Administrative corruption in Afghanistan” as a problem study and introduces a comparative analysis of best practices from benchmarking model countries which are less corrupt with more successful anti-corruption experiences: India has applied the RTI (Right to Information) Act as a solid mechanism of curbing corruption; Russia has built a strong legal base for anti-corruption struggle; a successful role of strong investigative media clarifying corrupt cases in Japan; the civil society and public role in eradicating corruption in Nigeria. The comparison will allow for insightful policy recommendations of successful strategic options used in these countries. Likewise, the paper will discuss the advantages and challenges of each option related to efficiency, equity and political feasibly.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in"&gt;The authors have concluded that any policy that can be successful in addressing the corruption issue, and achieves the goal of improving governance, rule of law and the social service delivery in Afghanistan has to recognize that it is not Pareto-efficient to curb socially accepted practices of &lt;i&gt;bakhshish &lt;/i&gt;(gift/tip) without providing civil servants with an adequate salary and without addressing the issue of massive poverty in this county. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in"&gt;The analysis also considers the policies that could instead reconfigure the dynamics of booming corruption, such as secrecy of public information, highly centralized government, monopoly excursive of power, unlimited discretion of power, lack of public participation and civil society in a political process. The policies would also aim to reduce the externalities that are currently imposed by a massive poverty, weak rule of law, Afghan kinship, and social acceptance of corruption and high expectation of family’s friends from civil servants.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In this vein, these brief analyses lead to three potential policies: a) Legalizing access to official Information; b) “Reform program” of judiciary, and c) Public/civil society for anti-corruption program (1.Elected governors, 2. Open debate of civil society, 3.Strong media role). &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in"&gt;The proposals of each have its merits and demerits relative to societal benefits and costs, which the government will need to consider in its decision-making.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;For the reasons explained in the conclusion of this brief, the authors recommend that the government adopt the implementation of a hybrid of two policy options: Judiciary reform program combined with strong independent media and elected governors in the short-run and Legalizing access to official Information and civil society engagement and civic education as a long-run sustainable strategy. In our view, this phased and multi-pronged approach would provide the best chance to succeed in meeting the goals of restoring the integrity of public administration and improving social service delivery and good governance in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Part 1. PROBLEM ANALYSIS:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l10 level2 lfo11;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;1.1&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Background:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; is located in South-east Asia, rugged land locked country sharing borders with &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Tajikistan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Turkmenistan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Uzbekistan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Iran&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Pakistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id: edn6" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[vi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Other important data regarding the country are indicated in the fact sheet below:&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="579" style="width:434.2pt;mso-cellspacing:.7pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;  mso-table-lspace:9.0pt;margin-left:6.75pt;mso-table-rspace:9.0pt;margin-right:  6.75pt;mso-table-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-table-anchor-horizontal:margin;  mso-table-left:left;mso-table-top:.95pt;mso-padding-alt:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes"&gt;   &lt;td width="577" colspan="2" style="width:432.8pt;background:#19498B;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:   around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana"&gt;Facts &amp;amp; Figures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;span class="dida1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Land area:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;span class="dida1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;652,090 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Population:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;28.89   million (2009 forecast)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;height:8.5pt"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;   height:8.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Population   growth rate:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;   height:8.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;4.00%   (2006)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Urban   population:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;   mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;24%   of total population (2008)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;   font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;span class="dida1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Life expectancy:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;44.5   men; 44 women&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:6"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Religions:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Muslim   99%, others 1%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:7"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Internet   users:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;1.84%   of total population (2008 est.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:8"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Telephone   subscribers:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;17.50%   (2007) of total population&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:9"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;GDP   per capita 2009: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;US$870   &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:10"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;GDP   Growth Rate 2008/09:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;17.8%   (estimated)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:11;height:4.3pt"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;   height:4.3pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;GDP   by sector:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;   height:4.3pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Agriculture:   31%; industry: 26%; services: 43%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:12"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Infant   Mortality: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;115   per 1,000 live births&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:13"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Unemployment   rate:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Over   40%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:14"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Adult   literacy:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;43%   men; 14% women &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:15;height:13.0pt"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;   height:13.0pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Poverty:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;   height:13.0pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;53%   of the population living on wage less than USD $2 day&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:16"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Labor   force by sector(2004):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#CCE6E6;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-bidi-font-family:Aharoni"&gt;Agriculture:   80%; industry: 10%; services: 10%&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow:17;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes"&gt;   &lt;td width="206" style="width:154.15pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe"&gt;    &lt;v:stroke joinstyle="miter"&gt;    &lt;v:path gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"&gt;   &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id="_x0000_s1036" type="#_x0000_t202" style="'position:absolute;" stroked="f"&gt;    &lt;v:textbox style="'mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1036'/"&gt;   &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;   position:absolute;z-index:6;margin-left:-11px;margin-top:0px;width:352px;   height:25px"&gt;   &lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;    &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td width="352" height="25" bgcolor="white" style="vertical-align:top;background:     white"&gt;&lt;span style="position:absolute;mso-ignore:     vglayout;z-index:6"&gt;     &lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;      &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;       &lt;td&gt;       &lt;div shape="_x0000_s1036" style="padding:3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt" class="shape"&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt"&gt;Adapted from Global       Finance&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;/div&gt;       &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;     &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width="371" style="width:277.95pt;background:#E5F2F2;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;   mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:   margin;mso-element-top:.95pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo10"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;1.2.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Administration:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The current infrastructure and capacity of the Afghan Administration are not responsive to the daily basis development and social political and economic needs of the country. &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; has divided into 34 administrative units (provinces) and 419 districts. The total number of public servants is 395,666, 389,566 of which are employed by central government and 6,100 are employed by provincial enterprises throughout the country&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn7" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[vii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Administrative systems are traditional; employed based on the non-merit system of nepotism, war-lordism and Afghan kinship. &lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo10"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;1.3.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Corruption: What is it and how does it occur?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;There is no question that corruption is, before anything else, a type of crime, thus making it and other types of crime highly correlated. Generally corruption has been defined by the UNCAC as an “abuse of public property and authority for personal gain.” In most cases it is an underhanded deal between a bribe taker, a giver and the middlemen. However, according to the Afghan National Anti-Corruption Strategy (ANACS) corruption is not limited to bribery. It also includes abuse of public properties for personal benefit, nepotism, cronyism, mediation, influencing actions to gain personal benefits, illegal use of public position, not paying taxes, money laundering, theft of public properties, embezzlement, the cultivation, production and smuggling of drugs, irregularity and fraud in election process and so on. &lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;The evidence shows that one of the main factors behind corruption in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; is monopoly centralized power with an unlimited discretion exercised by the government. According to Klitgaard (1996),&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn8" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[viii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Monopoly power is mostly witnessed in highly industrialized economy but unlimited discretionary power is exercised by developing countries. The author has illustrated dynamics of corruption in developing countries by the following equation:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;Corruption = Monopoly Centralized Power + Unlimited Discretion – Accountability&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular;mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;As a result, the threats posed by corruption strike at the core of the nation itself. It impedes efforts to rebuild a nation torn by decades of civil armed conflicts and widely contributes to the instability of the country. This unpleasant phenomenon is a growing challenge in front of the fragile government and new-born democracy in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. According to Khalid Mafton, the former oversight director of the High Office of Oversight and Anti-corruption: “Corruption is the main cause of growing insecurity, slowing economic growth, state building, and reconstruction process in Afghanistan. Without addressing the corruption issue, the country cannot move towards reconstruction and stability. In addition, it will create more gaps not only between Afghans and the government, but also lead to bigger gaps between poor people and those, who became wealthy through corruption. This will, in turn, lead to further social disaster and increase conflict across the country.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo10"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;1.4.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Who is corrupt and who are the victims? To what extent does corruption impact the life of the people?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Administrative corruption is an illegal activity, imposed on the people and society in an organized manner inside the structures of the government either by corrupt bands or by separate officials. Corruption causes distrust, loss of confidence, and an inability to close the gap between people and governmental agencies. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;According to the USAID’s (2008) corruption assessment, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;’s justice system is dysfunctional and commonly perceived as the most corrupt system in the country. Many Afghans believe “that courts and justice are market commodities to be bought and sold”. Respectively, police, criminal investigators, prosecutors, and judges have often been either “bought” or “sold” in the name of Afghan justice. This negative social phenomenon often affects the most vulnerable segments of a society including people with disabilities, children, and women. A recent UNODC (2009) survey was conducted throughout the country involving 7,600 Afghan repsondents. Despite extreme poverty, people in this country believe that corruption is the biggest threat to their life (59%), every day experience of dishonesty is overwhelming their social life rather than insecurity 54%, and unemployment, which is 54% and massive poverty 53%.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn9" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[ix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. It is clear that the Afghan people see that the poverty is just a side effect of the greater problem, corruption.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;tab-stops:66.0pt"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Part 2. CURRENT GOVERNMENT’S POLICY EFFORTS TO ADDRESS CORRUPTION:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;2.1. Policy Efforts:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;The Afghan government, along with international community, has committed itself to take concrete actions in elimination of corruption within the country. The government has given priority to curbing corruption in several key national documents, including Afghan National Development Strategy (ANDS) as well as the Afghan Compact. Recently the United Nations Security Council has passed a resolution that mandated the UNAMA (United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan) to put in effort jointly with the Afghan government the rule of law in order to effectively combat corruption in this country(S/2009/9624)&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn10" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[x]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The Afghan government has re-announced its strong commitment to eliminate corruption and has taken paces in this regard, including establishment of the Anti-corruption body in 2008 (High Office of Oversight), ratification of the United Nation Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn11" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; by the Afghan parliament in August 2008 and development of the National Anti-corruption Strategy (NACS). &lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.2.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Existing Anti-corruption Institutions:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;Currently there are twelve institutions including police, the Attorney General Office (AGO), the Control and Audit Office (CAO), the High Office Oversight (HOO),&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn12" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; the independent Administrative Reform and Civil Service Commission (IARCSC) and the Supreme Court. While these anti-corruption institutions are in place to work for strengthening the national integrity system of the country, their work is inadequate and their public outreach is limited. They lack experts and professional employees, and their legal jurisdictions are unclear and in most cases overlapping with other organizations which further complicate and restrict the use of available legal instruments.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn13" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xiii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Part 3. DIMENSION, CAUSES AND IMPACT OF CORRUPTION:&lt;i&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;3.1. Nature of Corruption:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;According to the World Bank’s Institute, the research paper (Role of Media Curbing Corruption by Rick Stapenhurts) claims that causes of corruption are rooted in the Country’s social and cultural history, political and economic development, bureaucratic traditions and policies.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn14" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xiv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A low salary scale, vague administrative procedures, unlimited discretion and lack of ethical code, traditional Afghan kinship have created an expectation of those who are working as senior officials to give unconditional-support to their kin and relatives (family and ethnic groups). Corruption has deeply integrated into the social interactions of the people, for instance, a &lt;i&gt;Bakhsheesh &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;tip/gift) giving-taking process has converted into a usual administrative practice. Administrations with such characteristics are not able to deliver good-quality services efficiently or quickly enough to address the public needs. In addition, the appointment of governors, deputy ministers, judges, chiefs of police in provinces, district governors, mayors and other senior officials, in most cases is exercised by the President. Such a process has significantly increased dependency on the central government and centralization of power around the President, leading to further corruption and disorder.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn15" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.3.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Extreme Poverty: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;"When public money is stolen for a private gain, it means fewer resources to build schools; hospitals, roads and provide food and water treatment facilities. When foreign aid is diverted into private bank accounts, major infrastructure projects come to a halt," said the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon on International Anti-corruption Day (2008). He warned that "the vulnerable suffer first and worst".&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn16" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xvi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Currently 53% of the population of the country is surviving with an income of less than $2(USD) per day despite they have to tolerate enormous burden of corruption as well.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn17" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xvii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As the UNODC report elaborates, corruption is so deeply rooted in the life of Afghan people that it determines whether parents can afford to provide their children with food and dress them, enroll them in school or enjoy the protection of law enforcement agencies and greater security. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;(Further information in Annex)&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn18" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xviii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.4.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Government Failure:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;Based on the Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI), in 2009 &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; ranked 179&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; out of 180 countries. This places the country as the second most corrupt in the world after &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Somalia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn19" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; According to the UNODC’s &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; corruption survey report, for Afghans it is impossible to acquire any service from government without paying a bribe. The report further asserts that 75% people paid estimated $160 (USD) last year, while the GDP per capita was $870 (USD) per year. The total amount paid within 12 past months made up $2.5 billion (USD), which is equal approximately to one-fourth (23%) of the country’s GDP. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Based on the UNODC survey, bribes are paid not just for one reason, but for many different purposes. Thus, 74% bribes have been paid to speed-up the lengthy, administrative procedures and 51% people have given bribes to finalize their trapped documents within government offices. It is widely considered that a bribe is mutually beneficial for officials and people: a bribe is given to a public official to pass up a fine or to be delivered better and timely services. According to the DFID (UK-Department for International Development) report, the defrauding amount in the Afghan government customs revenues reaching $30 million (USD) per year. &lt;a style="mso-endnote-id: edn20" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xx]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a name="_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name="_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc203202150"&gt;Moreover, based on the UNODC‘s report, 54% of Afghan population believe that NGOs, playing a transferring channel for foreign contributions to Afghanistan are “corrupt and are in the country just to get rich”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn21" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.5.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fragile Security and Political Instability&lt;/i&gt;: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;Security and stability in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; are significantly delicate. Because of the insecurity, the central government in many districts is not able to deliver health, education and other basic services. At a press conference in 2008 a special representative of the UN Secretary General to &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, Kai Eide has mentioned: “that corruption in this country has turned to an endemic; its negative implication further hurts the poorest people disproportionately; derive people away from the government and overwhelms our joint efforts to restore peace, security, stability and development in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn22" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt; Corruption relates to development in the way that war relates to peace. It undermines development and the rule of law, being a serious threat to the security and stability of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; through paving the ground for all sorts of trafficking and smuggling, including fueling terrorism in this country. (Annex).&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.6.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Law Enforcement Agencies Failure:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The highest judicial body - Supreme Court - is defined as “an independent organ of the state” by the Afghan Constitution. &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; currently lacks a special court to deal with anti-corruption issues.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn23" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxiii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt; Lack of the adequate coordination among law enforcement agencies, unwillingness, reluctant and slow cooperation, and lack of enforcement resources within the judicial system have turned the justice house into a market commodity.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In addition, interference of public officials into the court work causes a further delay in court proceedings; pressure of the family members on judges, insufficient judiciary oversight, judges’ insecurity, barriers of access to information, length of trials have been considered significant hampers to a fair treatment that cause corrupt practices in judiciary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn24" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxiv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;The main problems for the prosecution office are the culture of impunity for powerful corrupt officials and lack of immunity for whistle-blowers. The social tolerance and commonality of corruption all over the country have given an impression to the Afghan people that “it’s more economical to buy a judge rather than to hire a lawyer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn25" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;That’s why the Afghan government must seriously address this issue and ensure future integrity and credibility of the public administration and prosperity of Afghans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn26" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxvi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;Therefore, in this study we have empirically examined roots of the corruption, paid particular attention to the institutions that help determine the extent to which policy makers can be held accountable for the actions of their staff. Also, we have analyzed the role of Media in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Japan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, “Right to Information” (RTI) project in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;India&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, the civil society in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and law enforcement in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Russia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc203202150"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bookmark:_Toc202827854"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;Part 4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;4.1. Media ‘Watchdog’ role:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;In many countries where there is a weak rule of law with corrupt law enforcement agencies, national media plays a “watchdog role” on holding the government accountable in order to ensure good governance and the rule of law. According to the USAID report, 43% of Afghans explained that media doesn’t have any interest in and rarely covers corruption issues. The people in the southern part of the country say that corruption reports are seldom featured in the news.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id: edn27" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxvii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;The literacy rate in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; leaves much to be desired and is today below 30%. Radio is considered the only main stream of the Afghan media. Only 1.85% of the people have an access to Internet services. As a result, people cannot use the Internet as a stable resource of information. &lt;/span&gt;In this situation, every Afghan can only see the top of the ‘iceberg’ of corruption. &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;’s Constitution Article 34 states "Freedom of expression shall be inviolable. Every Afghan shall have the right to express thoughts through speech, writing, illustrations as well as other means in accordance with provisions of this constitution."&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn28" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxviii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;While the Constitution guarantees the right to expression and right to information, the reality in the ground is totally different. For instance, 54%&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;of Afghan radio journalists have been intimidated for reporting on the presidential elections. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;According to James D. Wolfensohn (1999), president of the World Bank, “Civil society and the media are crucial to creating and maintaining an atmosphere in public life that discourages corruption and fraud. Indeed, they are arguably the two most important factors in eliminating systemic corruption in public institutions”. James further argues that the efficacy of the media, in its turn, depends on “access to information” and “freedom of expression” as well as on professional and ethical cadre of investigative journalists. The author emphasizes that such issues as private versus public ownership of the media, the need for improved protection of journalists who investigate corruption and media regulation are very critical. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;The journalists in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; continue to face an increasing harassment. The study shows that 70% of threats and harassment were from warlords, local government authorities and mostly Taliban. They are forcing journalists to exercise self-censorship.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;For instance, on April 12&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;, 2010 the &lt;/span&gt;Taliban militants in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; were threatening to kill two kidnapped French journalists unless their demands are met, including the release of some detainees held by French forces in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn29" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.7.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Media as a Tool against Corruption: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;A stronger political and economic com­petition can enhance accountability, open up alternatives to deal with corrupt networks, and create incentives for political leaders to move against corruption.&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;Media can work between powers. To use the media as a tool against corruption, people need an alternative choice.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn30" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxx]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;vertical-align: middle"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;In 1973, Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka’s corruption was revealed by a freelance investigative journalist: Takashi Tachibana. At first, his article was almost ignored by the national media, because most of the Japanese mass media had been bribed by the prime minister. However, The New York Times’ and The Washington Post’s interests in Tachibana’s article led to the Japanese media’s relentlessly covering the Prime Minister Tanaka’s case and underlined his political rival’s strong ethical standing. As a result, Mr. Tanaka was forced to resign towards the end of 1974.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn31" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxxi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;vertical-align: middle"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;One of the biggest corruption cases in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Japan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; wasn’t reported by the media. However, in late 1975 and early 1976, a sub-committee of the U.S. Senate led by Senator Frank Church concluded that the members of the Lockheed board had paid bribes to the members of some friendly governments to ensure 100%-guaranteed contracts for their military aircrafts.&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;In 1976, it was publicly revealed that Lockheed had paid $22 million in bribes to foreign officials while negotiating the sale of aircrafts including F-104 Star-fighters within the procurement process known as "Deal of the Century".&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn32" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxxii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;A.C. Kotchan (President of Lockheed Corporation) testified to the United States Senate Committee that Tanaka had also received a bribe. Though Tanaka had resigned by that time, he got arrested under his political rival’s administration. Many Japanese felt that what was wrong in the country was Tanaka's 'money-politics', a concept that had been invented by the newspapers.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id: edn33" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxxiii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.8.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Lessons from &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Japan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; for &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;):&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;According to the USAID handbook on fighting corruption (1999), the f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman"&gt;act-finding journalism fosters anti-corruption approaches and provokes a political will for reform. In revealing corrupt acts, investigative press elicits prevalent indignation about corruption and puts pressure on the government for change. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;It is exactly this threat of disclosure that stimulates regimes to censor the press and threat Media. Independent media, however, is not, certainly, enough in addressing corruption. In many countries, journalists need proper training on fact-finding procedures, professional principles and ethics code and newsroom society. In &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Tanzania&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Uganda&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, the EDI organized workshops to train investigative journalists. The workshops were designed to raise the skills and confidence of journalists and to cultivate the media’s commitment to fight corruption. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.5pt; line-height:150%;font-family:AGaramond-Regular;mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;s the World Bank has stated, “civil society and the media are crucial to creating and maintaining an atmosphere in public life that discourages fraud and corruption. Indeed, they are arguably the two most important factors in eliminating systemic corruption in public institutions.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:kashida;text-kashida: 0%;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;So, an alternative choice is important for the media in terms of reducing corruption. However, in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; there is no strong political and economic competition under the highly centralized presidential system.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn34" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxxiv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;What can the alternative power against highly centralized government of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; be to make the media play an effective “watch-dog” role, ensuring its accountability and transparency? The authors argue that the alternative power can be the international society and donor community which are contributing to the country’s government. The case of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Japan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; clearly gives the clue that partnership between national and international media is extremely vital in order to hold the government accountable to the public.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular;mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:kashida;text-kashida: 0%;line-height:150%;vertical-align:middle"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;However,&lt;/span&gt; the international media is mostly interested in most high-profile and sensational issues such as war, conflict and other international related affairs. They rarely talk about corruption in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, unless it has a root to political affairs in the country. Therefore,&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt; it is difficult for international societies and donor communities to get an exact picture about the actual corruption status in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. Therefore, the cooperation between Afghan and international media is very significant to disclose corruption.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn35" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxxv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;In the war-torn country like &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, the media encounters numerous challenges to act as “watchdog”. The national media is often vulnerable in a conflict situation, which would prevent it from normal operating. It is difficult to provide for an in-depth reporting in the conditions, when the staff and their families are affected by insecurity and instability as the Taliban have already kidnapped and killed so far several national and international journalists&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn36" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxxvi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Free media alongside with a strong independent judiciary and effective legislature is one of the preconditions for good-governance. With regard to fighting corruption the media plays a multiple role - to raise public awareness about corruption, to explore and report corrupt practices in a professional and ethical manner. In order to succeed media is to be free. Moreover, journalists should be able to investigate and report without being physically intimidated by government authorities.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn37" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn37" name="_ednref37" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxxvii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; However, since 2001 several journalists have been harassed, assaulted, arrested and killed in line of duty.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn38" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxxviii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; vertical-align:middle"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;Currently there is a serious conflict between Karzai’s government and the &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;U.S.&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; administration. This was eluded in the recent corruption scandal during 2009 presidential elections in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. Karzai alleged that the fraud was conspired against his administration by foreigners. As a result, &lt;/span&gt;the United Nations fired its No. 2 official in Afghanistan Peter W. Galbraith who was accusing Karzai administration of the election fraud. To think about the power balance of the U.N. and the &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;U.S.&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, the U.N. had to follow the international convention on principles against corruption. The author further argues that there is no conflict between Karzai and the U.N or the &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;U.S.&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, but rather between Karzai and international community&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn39" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xxxix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;vertical-align: middle"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; vertical-align:middle"&gt;On the other hand, President Obama paid an official visit on March 28, 2010 to &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; to talk about anti-corruption strategies with his counterpart President Karzai. It seemed Obama went to see Karzai to persuade him to further cooperation on the process.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn40" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xl]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;Such a political pressure and a high international interest in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;’s corruption provided momentum for the media to play its role between the powers and reveal the high level corrupt practices in the country.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id: edn41" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xli]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Indeed, such opportunities pave the ground for fostering strong and independent media in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. It goes back to the political pressure of U.S administration through the Secretary of State Henry&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;Kissinger that reported on the Lockheed scandal, which led to a huge government reform in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Japan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and the captivation of the corrupt former prime minster Tanaka.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn42" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xlii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The above assertion elaborates that national and international partnership as well as international support of the anti-corruption process worldwide, hold the government accountable and reduce the corruption.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id: edn43" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xliii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; vertical-align:middle"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; vertical-align:middle"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;In case of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Japan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; we have perceived that partnership between the national and international media prevailed the Tanaka scandal. The author argues that such high profile political corruption mostly featured in national and international media, but we need to foster partnership between local and international media, which would motivate and encourage the investigative role of the local media to report small corrupt practices. In a broader perspective, the investigative media role at the local level and partnership at the international level would bring the public administration to the scrutiny of public inside the country (at the national level), and outside the country - to the scrutiny of international public. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;vertical-align: middle"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Thus, international organizations and international societies have a strong interest about &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;’s corruption status.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Furthermore, Japanese government would like to offer 5 billion dollars through an international organization for the vocational training project in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. Japanese government, media and international organizations are interested in how to prevent corruption not to waste this massive contribution.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id: edn44" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xliv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Part 5. ACCESS TO INFORMATION:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;The International Federation of Journalists in 1996 announced that “&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Citizens Right to Know is lifeblood of democracy&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;”. Secrecy policy of the government as well as ambiguity of administrative procedures are among the main factors facilitating systemic bribery in public service, since less informed people would be more vulnerable to corruption.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;According to the World Bank’s assessment of fighting corruption in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, only one-third of Afghan people in urban areas don’t understand what the government is doing. 26% of the population doesn’t have enough information to respond fully. Due to a weak management and lack of effective mechanism, the government has failed to establish good communication with the citizens. The acquisition of information on administrative procedures is often withheld, unless it is done through friends, family and relatives, which give an exclusive access to few people, that create ground for corruption.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn45" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xlv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;5.1. Right to Information (RTI) Successful Experience:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;Despite of unfavorable conditions and big hurdles, efforts are on to reduce the corruption by the Afghan government through regional and international cooperation. At the regional level, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; is a member of the South Asia Association for Cooperation (SAARC). All SAARC member countries - &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Nepal&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, the &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Maldives&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Bhutan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Pakistan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;South Africa&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; - have participated in the meeting “&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;Transparency, Right to Information and Social Development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;”. The Afghan deputy minister of labor and social affairs represented his country &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn46" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xlvi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; At the end of the meeting the “&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;i&gt;New   Delhi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;i&gt; declaration&lt;/i&gt;” of ministers of social representative was signed. The relevant parts of the declaration related to the Right to Information (RTI) are in the Annex (1):&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;page-break-after: avoid"&gt;1. Underlying the relevance of empowering the people and civil society of the region through transparency, public accountability and right to information leading to better governance and social development.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn47" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xlvii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;2. Promoting&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;and facilitating through exchange of best practices, early adoption, in accordance with national priorities, of appropriate legislation, conferring the right to information for all citizens from the government and public authorities, to eliminating arbitrariness and corrupt practices and improve governance at the regional, national and local levels.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn48" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xlviii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;By the Delhi Declaration, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; is committed to enact a law ensuring the right to information in accordance with article 50 of the Constitution to empower the masses. The RTI act sets out the scheme for the citizens to secure an access to information under the control of public authorities. In Indian RTI experience, this law is the most significant milestone in the history of empowering the masses&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn49" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[xlix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Srinivas Madhav, in his article; “The Greatest Change Maker” says that the &lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;Right to Information is such a bright tool that it can make the blind see and deaf hear!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn50" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[l]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;Another relevant factor is that &lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana"&gt;the&lt;/span&gt; countries resolved to promote and facilitate the RTI for all their citizens through an exchange of best practices and adoption of appropriate legislation, subject to their distinct national priorities. The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;SAARC member countries have enacted such a law in different names: 1) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nepal&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;: Right to Information Act, 2008. 2) &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Bhutan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; Infocommn and Media Act, 2006. 3) Telecom Regulatory Authority of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; brought Right to Information Act, 2005. 4) Network for Radio and Communication (&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Nepal&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Bangladesh&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.9.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Legal Feasibility in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; for the RTI:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"&gt;Article 34 of the Afghanistan Constitution provides that f&lt;/span&gt;reedom of expression shall be inviolable. “Every Afghan shall have the right to express thoughts through speech, writing, illustrations as well as other means in accordance with provisions of this constitution.”&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn51" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn51" name="_ednref51" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[li]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; In accordance with the above constitutional provision, a detail law - “the law on mass media”- has been enacted. Hence, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; has a legal framework to control, regulate and protect the media.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;Likewise, Article 50 of the Afghan Constitution empowers the people saying that “The Afghan citizens &lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;shall have the right of access to information from state departments in accordance with the &lt;u&gt;provisions of the law.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:Verdana"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;This right shall have no limit except when harming rights of others as well as national security”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn52" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn52" name="_ednref52" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; they are empowered but unable to access the public information, due to absence of procedural laws. Thus, here lies the &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;gap,&lt;/b&gt; which needs to be fulfilled by a right to information act like article 34, which induced “Afghan Media Law”.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;In light of the &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Delhi&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; declaration, the SAARC countries are committed to cooperate and share the best practices of the region among themselves. Furthermore, the members having such an act and experience will provide the needed help to each other. &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; has done good job on the RTI and is ready to provide the required help. Both countries, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;India&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, have similarities and commonalities with respect to enactment and implementation of the RTI act.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;A comparison of proposed demand-driven solution given below to evaluate the favorable and unfavorable criteria’s with respect to the application of RTI for &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Access to information and freedom of expression are international human rights norms. Article 19 of both the UN Declaration on Human Rights and the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) states that the right to freedom of expression includes not only freedom to ‘impart information and ideas of all kinds’, but also freedom to ‘seek’ and ‘receive’ them ‘regardless of frontiers’ and in whatever medium. Freedom of expression and the free flow of information and ideas include the right to information, but the right to official information is a more narrowly defined concept, which requires specific legislation. Official information is extremely important and represents one of many information types that ordinary people need in order to make informed decisions on matters that affect their lives.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn53" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn53" name="_ednref53" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[liii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;Part 6. CIVIL SOCIETY:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in; line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;6.1. Definition:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;“Civil society commonly embraces a diversity of spaces, actors and institutional forms, varying in their degree of formality, autonomy and power” (2004, London School of Economics).&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;However, the road to civil society is the extent to which citizens, organizations, coalitions, faith based organizations and advocacy groups exchange and collaborate based on shared interests, beliefs and ideas in order to strengthen government and humanity as a whole. As proposed by Edwards, civil society is ambiguous and with a wide range of convictions and practices that are simply not one size fit all.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Yet, there is a metaphor used to define civil society that determines key variables, “although these norms sometimes differ, tolerance, non-discrimination, non-violence, trust and cooperation are common denominators, along with freedom and democracy so long as these are not defined exclusively in Western terms” (2009, Pg. 47).&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Therefore, a healthy &lt;/span&gt;civil society necessitates social, political, and economic equalities.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The preconditions include a strong collaboration based on common interests between decision makers, organizing groups, public servants, businesses and the media with opportunities to engage citizens and allow a process for accountability. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%; mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.10.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Civil Society in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%"&gt;Despite Afghans’ attempts to democratize the country, there are still cross-roads preventing from the development of the nation. The political instability, mass poverty, social inequalities, freedom of expression and lack of trust among stakeholders are the result of the conflict-ridden history.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Although there are existing civil service structures in place, they are managed ineffectively leading to the hidden economy of corruption, which undermines public confidence. However, there is hope that &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; can leverage the political leadership to address the challenges using fundamental approaches, maximizing the role of civil society and taking genuine reform ownership.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.11.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt; Civil Society Entities ( NGO’s):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%"&gt;In 2005, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; enacted a law for the purpose of defining, authorizing and regulating NGOs in the country.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;According to the Afghanistan Ministry of Economic webpage in 2008 there were 1, 297 local and 313 international NGOs registered with the ministry which collectively spent $28.8 billion (USD). The NGOs were involved in a broad spectrum of projects encompassing public health, education, agriculture, irrigation, rural development, human rights of (children, women, and disabled advocacy), elections and voters participation.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Despite the endless efforts of many local and international NGOs in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; to combat poverty, corruption, public health and gender inequalities, progress has been stagnant.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%"&gt;Although currently there are still ongoing barriers in the public sphere, there are also examples of successful progressive initiatives in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn54" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn54" name="_ednref54" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[liv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The urgency described by the UNDP in 2008 to provide financial resources to the Afghan NGOs in order to “encourage the active involvement of civil society and media in the fight against corruption UNDP has established Accountability and Transparency Grants Facility”.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn55" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn55" name="_ednref55" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.12.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Community Council of Elders:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; has traditionally used Community Councils in preserving security and enhancing their resiliency. The community councils are called &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Shuras&lt;/i&gt; and are selected based on experience, on their knowledge of religion, socio-economic prestige and good standing within the community. As a result, a 1989 investigation by the Afghan Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief (ACBAR) suggested that “commentators also appear to believe that because of what they see as the egalitarian nature of Afghan culture, councils can be formed to function democratically and may even be used to strengthen democratic processes” which are ignored to be given role on anti-corruption (ACBAR, 1989).&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;The community Councils are useful due to their familiarity with local issues and the ability to problem solve.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Further, they provide an outlet and resource for many Afghans, who are unable to channel their frustrations and concerns as it pertains to private and public issues.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As noted by the US Peace Building Institute (2010), Afghanistan’s Community Councils “at present, some 80-90% of all legal cases in Afghanistan, criminal and civil, are resolved outside the formal legal system in community forums. Such forums are generally deemed more accessible, cheaper, less corrupt, and more legitimate than the formal courts” (2010, USIP)&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn56" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn56" name="_ednref56" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lvi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.13.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Interest Groups: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;As noted previously, since the fall of the Taliban and a new democracy in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, emerging approaches to civil society have surfaced including professional groups, youth groups, student associations and women forums.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;In most cases these grassroots organizations are informal and are active in urban communities.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.14.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:  normal"&gt;NIGERIA&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt; - a lesson for &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Extensive research has been conducted to evaluate a country with similar civil society challenges that could offer &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and might be used for a comparative analysis and developing reform strategies to combat administrative corruption.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The country of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; was selected, primarily, because being similar to &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; it is still in transition to democratic governance and for the following reasons: majority of the population are Muslims, 70% of the population remains in poverty, it is also situated in a strategic geopolitical region and others.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Like &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; also has an extensive experience in combating corruption that is embedded in the culture. Moreover, it has a vast experience in civil conflict, which also makes it similar to &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:63.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo18;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;2.15.&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Background: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; is located in the extreme east of &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;West Africa&lt;/st1:place&gt;. It borders on &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Niger&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Chad&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; in the north, on &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Cameroon&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; in the east, and &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Benin&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; in the west. &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; has a population slightly over 149 million people consisting of over 250 ethnic groups. In a report by the CIA World Fact-book “Oil-rich &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, long hobbled by political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management, has undertaken several reforms over the past decade”.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn57" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn57" name="_ednref57" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lvii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; According to the ARPM’s &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Report N8, describing the &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;’s political culture in 1999, the immune deficiency HIV/AIDS contributes extensively to the low life expectancy rate that is currently 46 for males, 47 for females and a high infant mortality rate.REFERENCE- ???&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Similar to &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, independence in a multi-ethnic country came with great challenges. According to Corruption Perception Index (CPI) in 2009 &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; ranked 130-th out of 180 countries. Still, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; has made some significant improvement since 2005 when it ranked 152. Like in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; threats of a coup are always present either from internal, regional conflicts or, as pointed out by Lloyd, from external groups. “Nigeria would be a ripe target for terrorism, given the state’s political instability, its role as a major oil exporter to the United States, and its status as home of Africa’s largest Muslim population after Egypt” (2004, pg. 146). (Footnote?) &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Therefore, as a result of these challenges and the advocacy of the NGO leaders, democratic processes have started to take shape.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Recent reforms in Nigerian laws and Constitution have strengthened anti-corruption strategies, instilled more confidence in the government and increased citizen engagement.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The NGOs have been instrumental in breaking down the barriers that support literacy, build capacity and establishing community relations, particularly in rural areas where tradition values remain strong. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Furthermore, as noted by Kalu et al. referring to citizen interactions with the government, “participation in the more active sense involves exerting influence on administrative behavior and on the outputs of official actions” &lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn58" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn58" name="_ednref58" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lviii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The National Democratic Institute (NDI), a non-government organization is supporting citizens’ engagement&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;in Nigeria by designing programs, that develop technical assistance in organizing techniques, broaden civic and voter education and encourages budget oversight and other skills that help make governments accountable.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id: edn59" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn59" name="_ednref59" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Georgia"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Georgia"&gt; The &lt;/span&gt;NGOs in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; have played a significant role in the progression of civil society. As partners to the government they have supported the development of social and economic programs to alleviate health and educational disparities and provide means for people to survive. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Georgia"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;The NGOs have also challenged the government so as to respect people’s business and to fulfill it with maximum integrity.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;These include building capacity by providing knowledge and, in particular, the role of government, fostering opportunities for collective action against corruption and providing incentives for economic development.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;As noted by Kalu, referring to citizen interactions with government, “participation in the more active sense involves exerting influence on administrative behavior and on the outputs of official actions” &lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn60" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn60" name="_ednref60" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lx]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Yet, how can people be empowered, if they don’t understand their role? The National Democratic Institute (NDI) is supporting citizens’ engagement in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; by designing programs that develop technical assistance in organizing techniques, broadening civic and voters’ education, encouraging budget oversight and other skills that help make governments accountable.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn61" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn61" name="_ednref61" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Georgia"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Georgia"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;However, the NGOs have also mobilized and empowered citizens to take an interest in public decisions and learn the electoral process so as the government is held accountable and citizens have a voice in the democratic processes.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Another example of the roles played by Nigerian civil society, that how community enabled through education, empowerment activities, and leadership capacity in order to ensure government is responsive to the needs of the people. When citizens are empowered they will take action.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;An example of a civic movement in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; that has recently gained momentum was reported by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFC). A group of youth and women from the Women Liberation Group rallied at the EFC’s Office to show solidarity for the work the commission is doing to combat corruption.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn62" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn62" name="_ednref62" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Therefore, our analysis of the role of civil society curbing corruption in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; indicates that effective actions to encourage public discussion to raise public awareness on corruption negative implication and costs to the society.??? Furthermore, Nigerian civil society has conducted public awareness campaign on corruption at different levels of the community segments. Also mobilized non-governmental organization and, private sectors and citizen are which concluded to the promotion of integrity and reducing corruption.??? &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Nigerian civil society has mobilized the citizens to support for clean government and documenting and reporting corrupt practices of public officials. In the meantime they have induced anti-corruption culture through preparation and implementation of the civic-education program. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;C&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;ivil society evolves promoting healthy government that addresses rule of law, enhances social equality, economic security and political stability, while fostering trust among stakeholders and encouraging opportunities for citizen participation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:.5in;line-height:18.0pt"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;Part 7. ENFORCEMENT AGENDA:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;The question of corruption is closely linked with the process of political democratization and economic liberalization as well as the efforts of building the rule of law and good governance. Corruption is widely spread in many post-authoritarian and post-conflict environments, as economic and political transitions offer fertile ground for its prosperity.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;Corruption has been mentioned to undermine democratic institutions, slow economic development, contribute to governmental instability, attack the foundations of democratic institutions through distorting electoral processes, pervert the rule of law and create bureaucratic quagmires with the rule of total bribe. Under such conditions foreign direct investments are discouraged and small businesses throughout the country under consideration often find it impossible to overcome the huge "start-up costs" required due to corruption. Therefore, in a globalized world this social phenomenon causes a serious international concern and the role of specialized anti-corruption institutions both (within and outside the country) is very crucial. &lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold; mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;As for pervasive corruption in Afghanistan, there are several factors behind it: access to justice is almost impossible for ordinary Afghans, lack of the government capacity and adequate rules and procedures in delivering good quality social services, corruption has becomes a means for survival, bribery is a high incentive and low risk activity, law enforcement is inadequate and leaves much to be desired. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Years of conflicts and wars, fragile government authority, violence, the high unrestricted power of the government officials, low salary rate for civil servants, weak judiciary and legal&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt; enforcement system has led to a culture of unlimited corruption and impunity, with limited transparency and accountability in the use of public resources.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn63" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn63" name="_ednref63" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"&gt;[lxiii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;One of the cornerstones in fighting corruption and, in particular, of the enforcement process is accountability. Accountability ensures actions and decisions taken by public officials subject to oversight so as to guarantee that government initiatives meet their stated objectives and respond to the needs of the community. The concept of accountability involves two stages: &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;answerability&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; and&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt; &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;enforcement.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Answerability refers to the obligation of the government, its agents and public officials to provide information about their decisions and actions and to justify them to the public and accountability institutions authorized to exercise oversight. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Enforcement suggests that the public or the institution responsible can sanction the offending party or remedy the contravening behavior. Among other kinds of accountability they differentiate between &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;horizontal&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;vertical. &lt;/i&gt;Such institutions of accountability as parliament and the judiciary provide what is termed horizontal accountability, i.e. the capacity of state institutions to check abuses by other public agencies and branches of government or the requirement for agencies to report sideways. Vertical accountability is the means through which citizens, mass media and civil society seek to enforce standards of good performance on officials.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Parliament holds the executive politically accountable (as parliament is a political institution); while the judiciary holds the executive legally accountable as it can only adjudicate on legal issues. Together they are expected to provide ongoing oversight, an order to keep the government accountable throughout its terms in the office. They may be assisted by other institutions such as supreme audit institutions, anti-corruption commissions, ombudsmen’s offices, human rights institutions, etc.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;7.1. Enforcement Institutions:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The development and implementing of a sustainable anti-corruption environment and enforcement mechanism is a very difficult, complicated and long-term objective, which any country with a high corruption rate faces some day. &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; being included. In this relation learning the experience of other countries, which used to have similar serious problems in combating this anti-social and anti-economic challenge is worth doing it. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;In our project we compare &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; as an analysis object with other countries having similar corruption environment conditions and try to find and suggest recommendations in various walks of life, which function more successfully in the being compared country. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;As for the enforcement mechanism in fighting against corruption we decided to take Russia as a benchmarking model, which is facing mostly the same corruption problems but, nevertheless, according to the Transparency International 2009 rating, it ranks 146-th while Afghanistan holds 179-th position of 180 countries totally&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;[Corruption perceptions Index 2009. &lt;a href="http://www.transparency.org/policy%20research/surveys%20indices/cpi/2009/"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext"&gt;http://www.transparency.org/policy research/surveys indices/cpi/2009/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;u&gt;cpi_2009_table&lt;/u&gt;].&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Pursuant to the Transparency International’s assessments, the volume of Russia’s annual market of corruptions makes up almost $300 billion (USD), which equals approximately 18% of the country’s GDP in 2008 &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:150%"&gt;[“The Kremlin Can Not Cope with Corruption, the Volumes of Which Reach $300 Billion a Year”, &lt;a href="http://www.inosmi.ru/forbes_com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext"&gt;Forbes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 11-18-2009. &lt;a href="http://www.inosmi.ru/economic/20091118%20/156558900.html"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext"&gt;http://www.inosmi.ru/economic/20091118 /156558900.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;], &lt;/b&gt;while the rate of corruption in Afghanistan accounts for 23% of its GDP. &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;When compared to Afghanistan, however, Russia looks better in terms of its legislative base which is more solid, what can be explained by a short term of building democracy in Afghanistan (only for 10 years now). Even within this period of time Afghanistan has managed to include a special provision in its &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Constitution&lt;/i&gt; (Article 50) addressing this social disaster and ratified the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;UN Convention against Administrative Corruption&lt;/i&gt; (2004); developed the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Anti-Corruption Roadmap of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan &lt;/i&gt;(2008), a number of &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Anti-Corruption Laws (e.g. Law on the Campaign against Bribery and Official Corruption, Counter Narcotics Drug Law, Anti-Money Laundering and Proceeds of Crime Law and others) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;and the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"&gt;Strategy and Policy for Anti-Corruption and Administrative Reform&lt;/i&gt; (2009) and defined a number of actors who were to combat corruption&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;[“&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"&gt;Assessment of Corruption in Afghanistan”, USAID Report, 15-01-2009 - 15-03-2009. – pp. 16-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;As for &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Russia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, quite a number of significant Laws and Decrees have been developed and adopted since 90s of the last century. For instance, &lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family: ArialNarrow"&gt;the Decree of the President &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;“On general principles of the civil servants’ conduct” &lt;/i&gt;(12.08.2002), the Law &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;“On the Public Service System”&lt;/i&gt; (25.05.2003), Law &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;“On the public civil service”&lt;/i&gt; (27.07.2004), Law “&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;On the municipal service”&lt;/i&gt; (02.03.2007) and the Law &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"&gt;“On placement of orders for delivery of goods, execution of work, provision of services for the public and municipal needs” &lt;/i&gt;(21.07.2005) and others &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;[“&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;Joint First and Second Evaluation Rounds: Evaluation Report on the Russian Federation”, Greco Eval I-II Rep (2008) 2E, Strasbourg, 12-05-2008 Public. – pp. 5-6&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family:ArialNarrow"&gt;].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-fareast-font-family: ArialNarrow"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;The decree ‘&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/text/news/2008/05/201067.shtml" target="_blank" title="Opens external link in new window"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;On Anti-Corruption Measures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;’&lt;/i&gt; (May 2008) stipulated the formation of the &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;Presidential Council for Combating Corruption (CCC)&lt;/b&gt; with the President at its head. In December 2008 the newly adopted Russian &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;“Anti-Corruption Legislation”&lt;/i&gt; was officially published. It consists of three interconnected federal laws, which came into force in January 2009:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;• &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;“On Counteraction to Corruption&lt;/i&gt;”&lt;/b&gt; (establishes the general framework of anti-corruption legislation);&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;• &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;“On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Adoption of the Federal Law On Counteraction to Corruption”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt; &lt;/i&gt;(develops provisions of the main law with respect to judges, members of parliament, persons holding state and municipal positions, etc); &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;• &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;“&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Russian Federation&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; in Relation to Ratification of the “UN Anti-bribery Convention”&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; dated 2003 and the Federal Law &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;“On Counteraction to Corruption”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;The &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/text/docs/2008/07/206715.shtml" target="_blank" title="Opens external link in new window"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;National Anti-Corruption Plan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (NACP, July 2008) and the Criminal Law ‘&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Convention on Corruption’&lt;/i&gt; (January 1999) were a solid legal contribution to the enforcement mechanism formation. The NACP contains four sections: 1) measures for legislative provisions to combat corruption and bringing into line the current legislature with several international conventions; 2) measures to improve and streamline public administration in order to prevent and punish corruption and conflicts of interest via civil society mechanisms; 3) measures to improve legal education and to actively use the media as well as civil society organisations in the fight against corruption; and 4) priority measures to implement the NACP. President Medvedev has also announced the new anti-corruption regulations aimed at closing legal loopholes and preventing conflicts of interest that create new opportunities for corruption, and forcing senior officials to annually declare their assets in accordance with new procedures [“&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"&gt;Russia Adopts New Anti-corruption Legislation”, &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"&gt;Legal Alert: Russia&lt;/i&gt;, Bakery &amp;amp; McKenzie, Feb. 2009&lt;/b&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Thus, agreeing to President of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Russia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; Mr. D. Medvedev’s recent words, the director of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Russia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;’s regional affiliation of the Transparency International Elena Panfilova stressed that “&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Russia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; has created a necessary legislative basis to fight against corruption… However, today we must start to strictly implement these laws in practice. Putting them into practice is the key to success” [&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;“The Kremlin Can Not Cope with Corruption…” (11-18-2009). - Ibid.&lt;/b&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7.2.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Anti-Corruption Agencies:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;As for the national anti-corruption agencies, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; outnumbers &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Russia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, where there are about 15 various organizations responsible for doing away with the problem. Among them are ABACO (Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Office under Ministry of Interior), ACU (Anti-Corruption Unit), CMS (Corruption Monitoring System), CDI (Criminal Investigation Department), GIAAC (General Independent Administration for Anti-Corruption), HOO (High Ofiice for Oversight of the Implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy) and others. A general critique raised by observers is that there is still little coordination of their efforts [“&lt;b&gt;Assessment of Corruption in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;” (2009) – Ibid.&lt;/b&gt;]. So, there is a great need in a centralized management in order to bring the efforts of all the institutions together and not to disperse them but stream purposefully against corruption.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;In &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Russia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; either, however, the &lt;a href="http://www.fsb.ru/" target="_blank" title="Opens external link in new window"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;Federal Security Service&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (FSB, in Russian) and the &lt;a href="http://eng.genproc.gov.ru/" target="_blank" title="Opens external link in new window"&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"&gt;Prosecutor General's Office&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; are the two main bodies responsible for fighting corruption, constantly reporting to the Presidential CCC (Council for Combating Corruption). The Prosecutor General set up a specific anti-corruption department in August 2007 to focus on enforcing anti-corruption legislation, to investigate suspicions of corruption and to press charges against offenders. The Prosecutor General's Office is also in charge of supervising the activities of an interdepartmental anti-corruption working group&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;. &lt;/b&gt;Furthermore, almost all law enforcement agencies have set up their own internal departments to deal with corruption within their own ranks. Prosecutor General's Office reports that in 2008 the violations of anti-corruption laws doubled in comparison with 2007. According to their data, 62 members of the parliament, 3 judges, 8 prosecutors and 66 investigators were convicted on corruption charges in 2008, as reported by Russia Today&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"&gt;.&lt;/i&gt; This increase can, certainly, be explained by better work of enforcement agencies.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;7.3.&lt;i&gt; Analysis of Existing Anti-Corruption Laws, Regulations, and Policies:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;1. The legal framework for the fight against corruption is based on the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Afghan Constitution&lt;/i&gt;, the “&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;UNCAC”&lt;/i&gt;, and the law&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt; “On Overseeing the Implementation of the Anti-corruption Strategy”&lt;/i&gt;. The same general challenges apparent in the overall legal framework of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; are also applicable in the area of anti-corruption; the mechanisms to adapt existing law upon the passage of other laws are weak, and information about new laws and regulations is not widely available. Many stipulations of new criminal legislation, in particular on anticorruption, lack punishment in the penal code.&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;2. One of the main legal laws -&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"&gt; “On the Campaign against Bribery and Official Corruption”&lt;/i&gt; does not properly define the forms of conduct it prohibits, such as “bribing, illegally recommending, requesting and lobbying” or “the embezzlement, misappropriation or other diversion by a public official…” .&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn64" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn64" name="_ednref64" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxiv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Due to ambiguity of terms there can be a different understanding about what corruption is. That results in social acceptance of certain officials’ malpractices, when citizens consider it natural that civil servants ask for gifts or money to speed up administrative procedures. All this creates a fertile ground for corruption&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn65" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn65" name="_ednref65" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="ListParagraph" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;3. Other areas of law need revision. Provisions for freezing, seizure and confiscation that have been included in other laws, such as the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Counter Narcotics Drug Law&lt;/i&gt;, the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Anti-Money Laundering and Proceeds of Crime Law&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Law on the Campaign against Financing of Terrorism&lt;/i&gt;, should be extended to corrupt proceeds as well. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;4. The&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Afghan legislation does not include restitution as an option in the anticorruption law. The UNCAC argues that there can be no prevention, confidence in the rule of law and criminal justice processes, proper and efficient governance, official integrity or a sense of justice and faith that corrupt practices never pay, unless the fruits of the crime are taken away from the perpetrators and returned to the rightful parties. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;5. Transparency is one of the main factors in the struggle against corruption. As the UNODC (2010) stresses - “Non-transparent administrative procedures and services of low quality also represent possible sources of dishonest conduct&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn66" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn66" name="_ednref66" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxvi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;6. These changes should empower the HOO and the principal anticorruption agency in the AGO (Attorney’s General Office) by creating and defining the offences enumerated in the HOO law in the criminal code (in accordance with the Convention and Constitution). This includes principles of liability, jurisdiction, investigation, prosecution, sanctions, extradition and witness/victim provisions that may be incorporated into an amended Penal Code and/or Criminal Procedure Code.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Part 8. RECOMMENDATIONS:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration:none"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Policy Recommendation One:&lt;/u&gt; &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;The&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Right to Information (RTI)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;tab-stops:328.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;The ability of the citizens to obtain information in the possession of the State can be defined as access to information. The “right to know” is linked indivisibly to accountability, a central principle of good governance. Informed judgment is difficult, if not impossible, when official activities and government decision-making processes are not open to public scrutiny. In the lack of such scrutiny, governments can make major resource containment without either ex-ante or ex-post review and debate. Generally, governments make little effort in providing information to the public that reflects well on itself. The problem arises, by contrast, when the information reflects the opposite; here, the “voluntary disclosure of the information by government” approach usually does not work as both politicians and bureaucrats often try to hide their embarrassing information from the public&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:AGaramond-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn67" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn67" name="_ednref67" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:AGaramond-Regular; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxvii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Therefore, we propose to the Afghan government to enact the RTI model in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:AGaramond-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;The Right to Information Act would highlight the observable practices, assign time limit to fulfill requests for information and processes, and designate those sorts of information to which access is guaranteed. An argument against legislation will rise up the cost efficiency of failing to implement this legislation, which would again beer fertile environment for massive undefeatable corruption. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;How to Implement RTI:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Based on successful Indian RTI experience, there are national and international interests of curbing corruption, therefore, there are numerous &lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;stakeholder&lt;i&gt;s &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;in any RTI implementation.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn68" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn68" name="_ednref68" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxviii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The UNDP is the main supporting partner to the Afghan government, an implementing body of the United Nations aims at achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).The UNDP partnership with the Afghan government will provide financial and technical support to the anti-corruption policies channeled toward strengthening the public institutions. The UNDP as one of the principal actors, widely working in post-conflicts countries, can make a difference in the area of access to Information by: 1) Using its unique relationship with the government; 2) Enhancing the supply of, and facilitating demand for, information from the government and others; 3) Supplying information on its own operational activities to other stakeholders; 4) Using its co-coordination and facilitation roles; 5) Drawing on its expertise and experience in democratic governance.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn69" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn69" name="_ednref69" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxix]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;How to engage all stakeholders in favor of the RTI:&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/b&gt;To involve and engage the stakeholders, the RTI can pave the ground for political parties to win the public support of their interest. Particularly for political actors, this is an issue on which they can contest election and win, because of public demand. Such dynamism can bring the politicians on the side of the RTI. This way we can develop the political desire for the RTI by promoting it as an election issue. &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The other major opponent will be the government officials. Due to providing for the realistic experience of &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;India&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, they will be a gainer of this act as the case is in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. By proving Indian examples and cases we can convert their opposition into support. It can be done through exchange of the RTI experience between Afghan employees’ unions visiting &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;India&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, which will significantly reduce their opposition.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn70" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn70" name="_ednref70" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxx]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;The RTI impact on Judiciary&lt;/i&gt;;&lt;/b&gt; the main asset of the judiciary is its public respect and faith. By a clause under the proposed act the judiciary will be under the purview of the RTI. Judiciary plays an important role in good governance and its cleaning through the RTI is necessary to make the proposed plan a success. This will enhance the respect of the Afghan judiciary in pubic eyes and restore the lost public respect and faith, which is vital for the survival of the judiciary.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id: edn71" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn71" name="_ednref71" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxxi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;The RTI impact on Media:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Media plays a very important role in disseminating the information and acting as a ‘watch dog’ of the government. In &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; media law is in place, but media hesitate to publish and debate the corruption related news. To publish any news on corruption, one needs solid proof. Under the current situation, information collection and getting its proof is very difficult, but the RTI will potentially facilitate the proof for the Media. When evidence is in hand, news reporters will not hesitate to write, broadcast, and publish corruption related news. Media persons would like to write such news items which are demanded by public as it will enhance their business, but they are unable because of lack of the proof. At the initial stage&lt;span class="msoIns"&gt;&lt;ins cite="mailto:Yuri" datetime="2010-05-09T23:49"&gt;,&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/span&gt; they will help in creating awareness along with other stakeholders for the RTI.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn72" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn72" name="_ednref72" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxxii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;US&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; former President Woodrow Wilson believed that corruption flourishes from secrecy and avoids evolving in public places therefore it’s a fair assumption that secrecy means impropriety.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Policy Recommendation Two&lt;/u&gt;: &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Judiciary Reform Program&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;As mentioned earlier, Afghans considered justice as a marker commodity and Judges are bought and sold instead of lawyers been hired, therefore, an independent judiciary is playing a constructive role in reducing corruption, because it is the core body providing justice to the Afghan citizens.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn73" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn73" name="_ednref73" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxxiii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; In order to curb corruption, it’s essential to reform Afghan Judiciary and implement a “judiciary reform program.” One of the bases in fighting corruption is strong independent Judiciary; in particular, it performs the role of an intermediary between government and the people to hold the government accountable.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman"&gt;Without enforcement, though, laws have no outcome on decreasing corruption, and may nurture general distrust about the reform efforts. Yet, to hold public officials accountable to anti-corruption laws, judiciaries need independence from the executives, as well as strong institutional capacity. Reinforcement of Judicial autonomy includes revising the processes of appointment, assigning, paying, and removing judges and prosecuting attorney to protect them from political influence of the government.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn74" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn74" name="_ednref74" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxxiv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Accountability guarantees actions and decisions taken by the government officials. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;Parliament holds the government politically accountable, because parliament is considered a political institution to manifest the will of the people, while Judiciary holds government legally accountable as it mandated to adjudicate on legal issues. Both Judiciary and parliament are expected to perform an oversight role, in order to politically maintain check and balance of power, and legally hold the government accountable. They must be assisted by the main anti-corruption bodies, High Office of Oversight and Attorney General Office.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The Judiciary Reform program will make the judiciary system healthier and more independent.  The policy will focus on judicial training programs&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn75" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn75" name="_ednref75" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxxv]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and reforming laws dealing with judge appointments and term lengths. It will also include implementation of the RTI to form an internal reporting system that will maintain open records on judicial proceedings and finance an increase of accountability. A public complaint mechanism proposed will decrease low-level corruption and a commission to incorporate local tribal judiciary systems into the central judiciary, will stream-line illegal drug related anti-corruption efforts. The “Judiciary Reform Program” will greatly reduce corruption in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. The policy will have three main impacts that are critical to the Judiciary Reform Program: &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;1-Although most stakeholders will agree to this policy, the strengthened judicial system will take power away from some entrenched political and criminal elites. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;2-The policy implementation will be difficult due to the challenges posed by integrating local tribal judicial customs into a central judiciary system. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;3- Insecurity throughout the country will make the policy difficult to implement at a country level.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Policy Recommendation Three:&lt;/u&gt; &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"&gt;Civil Society and Citizens for the Anti-corruption program&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;Although the problem of corruption is mainly prevalent within the public administration in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, the solutions are not limited to the government only. Informed, empowered and engaged citizens can play a critical role in reducing corruption. Citizens that accept status quo and tolerate corrupt practices create an environment of impunity that is conducive for corruption. Conversely, citizens who are less tolerant of corruption decrease the incidence of corrupt practices. Citizens can successfully fight against corruption through exposure by media, by empowering independent media to play a ‘watch-dog’ role, that oversee government’s accountability and transparency, and simply saying “No” to corruption by not paying bribes.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;The “Civil Society and Citizens against Corruption” program can significantly reduce occurrence of corrupt practices by empowering and mobilizing Afghan citizens. The program aims at mobilizing civil society organizations, media, NGOs, religious groups, public interest groups, ‘watch dog’ organizations, through anti-corruption focused capacity building, establishment of a national anti-corruption coalition, and mobilizing citizens. To ensure alignment and harmonization with other anti-corruption policies, stakeholders, donors, and civil society organization, will be informed and consulted through the anti-corruption task force chaired by Afghan government.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;Policy Constraints: &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;1. Deteriorating the security situation coupled with the absence of rule of law can undermine the success of the program. While security problems can impede implementation of the project in the south, absence of the rule of law can challenge the program throughout the country. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;2. Lack of political feasibility, particularly at the local level, can hamper implementation of the project. At provincial level, due to a weak rule of law, the government officials who benefit from corruption can delay or brake the process. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Component (1) Policy Option 3:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Open debate about corruption&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;:&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;In order to raise awareness about corruption in society, the holding of open debate is very important; on the one hand, it gives an opportunity to society to articulate their ideas and voices, on the other hand, it will decrease the citizens tolerance toward corrupt practices of public officials. Also, a strong message would be sent to corrupt officials that there is no more social acceptance of and tolerance to this negative phenomenon. The civil society entities can help communities identify the strengths and challenges within their community, and then, as a group, find solutions. In 2004, in &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Abuja&lt;/st1:city&gt; (&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Nigeria&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;) a village suffered from severe public health epidemics linked to the lack of water.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;However, through the a these types of bold reactions can only happen when citizen’s understand their power and are able to voice their frustrations in a peaceful way to express their dissatisfaction with the issues that impact their lives and burden huge cost. The NGOs in Nigeria have made significant inroads in supporting&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;movement initiatives while also working with the people in their own environments in order to galvanize social capital, create networks, facilitate a plan of actions, which at the end empowers citizens, builds trust in the process, and lastly empowers them to hold leaders accountable to the people.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;It is also necessary for the civil society entities in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; to encourage shuras, opinion-leaders, local elders, and religious scholars to openly talk in public about the negative impacts and stigma of corruption on the moral of the society.&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;In order to combat corruption it’s necessary to associate the CSOs in educating the shura members, facilitating and supporting the public debates on corruption. To achieve their full engagement, it’s required to develop their capacity to make them capable of working in the field of corruption as well as to equip them by improving their skills to discuss and argue corruption cases intelligently and successfully in the public.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn76" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn76" name="_ednref76" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxxvi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;&lt;span style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"&gt;Component (2) Policy Option 3:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elected governors&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;:&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language:EN"&gt;Article 137 of the Afghan Constitution defines the authority of the President in delegating certain power and autonomy to the provincial governors for the social and economic development of the country. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The legislation power solely had been given to the national parliament, provincial assembly only in advisory capacity maintain balance of powers at the provincial level. Governors’ appointment power monopolistically remains with the central government. In &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Afghanistan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; provincial governments do not have their own constitution and parliament. They don’t have independent executive staff either. The executive offices at the provincial level are linked to the line ministries at the capital. The executive power of the Governors at the local level is extended on issues, which they are empowered by powerful president, to lead, coordinate and decide. Indeed, the governors are the highest authority of the sub-national government and special representatives of the president of the country in each province. Chief-security, chief of districts, provincial mayors, directors of line-ministries departments at the local level are required by the law, to respect the chain of commands by following the governors’ instructions.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn77" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn77" name="_ednref77" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language: EN;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxxvii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language:EN"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;TimesNewRoman\,Bold&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:&amp;quot;TimesNewRoman\,Bold&amp;quot;"&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman"&gt;ree and fair elections offer a significant instrument for holding public officials accountable. People can withhold votes from corrupt-officeholders as a sanction against corruption, and elect opposition runners condemning such dealings. In, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Bulgaria&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Mexico&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Tanzania&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; for example, electorates have voted opposition nominees running on anti-corruption platforms. However, to effect as a check on government officials activities, elections must be supplemented by significant guarantees of civil liberties to elect and run for office, as well as by transparent and fair voting processes.&lt;a style="mso-endnote-id:edn78" href="file:///E:/My%20Documents/Downloads/May%2010EDITED-%20master's%20project%5b1%5d.doc#_edn78" name="_ednref78" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoEndnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:TimesNewRoman; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"&gt;[lxxviii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language:EN"&gt;Election of governors will politically reduce the monopoly power of the central government. Furthermore, elected governors with a sense of responsibility to the public will reform the administration, which will reduce the unlimited-discretion of the public officials. Public participation by using self-determination rights strengthens civil society, interest groups and &lt;i&gt;shuras&lt;/i&gt; to play a ‘watchdog’ role to hold the public officials accountable. Such a strategy comprises a system of check and balance designated to manage conflict of interests between the governors and the public being ruled and limits the situation, in which conflict arises. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular;mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;To symbolize a broad view of the reform, addressing corruption in the public sector through government processes strong leadership, organizational&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-ansi-language:EN"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;Change, through civil society participation and democratic process, private sector, media thus sub-national government should be an elected local government.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:MicrosoftSansSerif;mso-bidi-font-family:MicrosoftSansSerif"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Part 9. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular;mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;·&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Integrity in Public Service&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:AGaramond-Regular;mso-bidi-font-family:AGaramond-Regular"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Step 1:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Strengthens transparent and merit recruitment system of public officials that ensure opens, equity and efficiency and promote recruitment of individuals of the highest level of competence and integrity. Public officials need to be trained on ethics, code of conducts and conflict of interest laws.&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Step 2:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Creates moral and organizational Code of conduct that forbids conflicts of interests, ensures the proper use of public resources, and upholds the highest levels of professionalism and integrity.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;·&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Accountability and Transparency:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Step 3:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Ensure assets and financial interest disclosure of public officials. Protect the answerability of the public service through effective legal structures, management practices, oversight and auditing procedures to prevent corrupt activity and adequate simplified administration procedures. &lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Step 4:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Implementation of the Judiciary reform program, which ensures independent judicial system in order to hold government legally accountable. &lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 5:&lt;/b&gt; Establishment of the judiciary complaint committee under the purview of the RTI to ensure a transparent, timely and fair process of judicial cases.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo17"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-list:Ignore"&gt;·&lt;span style="font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Effective Prevention, Investigation and Prosecution:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="Default" style="margin-bottom:3.8pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext"&gt;Step 6:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color:windowtext"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style
